Elevated LDL-C combined with hypertension worsens subclinical vascular impairment and cognitive function

Abstract

Hypertension and dyslipidemia belong to the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. Hereby, we aimed to examine the combined effects of newly diagnosed hypertension and hyperlipidemia on the characteristics of the arterial wall and on cognitive function. We examined 72 hypertensive and 85 apparently healthy individuals. Based on serum lipid levels, four subgroups were created ranging from normotensive-normolipidemic to hypertensivehyperlipidemic subjects. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), arterial stiffness, and cognitive function were assessed. IMT of controls was the lowest, whereas that of patients with both risk factors the highest. Stiffness parameters increased when both risk factors were present, whereas subjects with only one risk factor exhibited intermediate values. Hypertensive patients performed worse when memory, attention, reaction time, and trait anxiety were assessed. Significant worsening of IMT, arterial stiffness, and sum of neuropsychological scores was observed along with increasing mean arterial pressure. Generally, hyperlipidemia combining with hypertension resulted in further worsening of all examined parameters. Subclinical changes of the vascular wall and cognitive performance are already present in recently diagnosed hypertensive patients. Combination of hyperlipidemia and hypertension results in more severe impairments, therefore, early and intensive treatment may be crucial to prevent further deterioration. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014;-(-):1-11.

The study on serum and urine of renal interstitial fibrosis rats induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction based on metabonomics and network analysis methods

“…Macrophages in blood circulation are attracted to infiltrate and release inflammatory factors and vascular active substances, leading to further damage of vascular endothelial cells. This then triggers the formation and development of hypertensive nephropathy and renal fibrosis [34]. Sphinganine (C00836) is a postlysosomal cholesterol transport blocker that inhibits the low-density lipoprotein-induced esterification and the transport of cholesterol [35].…”

Hypertension‐induced subclinical vascular and cognitive changes are reversible—An observational cohort study

“…The retrieved 12 values were subsequently averaged for statistical evaluation. The detailed method of IMT measurement was previously presented …”

“…Moreover, the sum of standardized test scores of the neuropsychological battery was significantly lower, while state and trait anxiety scores were significantly higher among HT patients . Additionally, analysis of the adjusted effect of mean arterial pressure shed light on the gradual elevation of IMT, augmentation index (AIx) and PWV values with increasing BP …”

Impact of Hypertension on Cognitive Function: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

“…However, these studies included only hypertensive individuals and could not specifically assess possible interactions between BP and inflammation. 136 There are only a few reports of interactions between adverse lipid profiles (elevated low-density lipoprotein, lower high-density lipoprotein, and higher triglycerides) and BP in their impact on cognition 137 ; these seem to be in the setting of a metabolic syndrome with concomitant insulin resistance or explained by an APOE ε4 genotype.…”