TL studies (paired t-test, P ¼ 0.05, Table 1 by Eisenberg 10 ). If lower paternal survival is associated with increased incidence of critically short TLs, the paternal TL distribution will be truncated leading to lower father-offspring correlations in older populations. Tentatively suggestive that this explanation is worthy of further consideration, across the limited set of available populations (n ¼ 8), there is a nonsignificant trend toward greater fatheroffspring correlations (relative to mother-offspring correlations, difference) in studies with increasing numbers of father-offspring pairs (relative to mother-offspring pairs, ratio; Pearson correlation, r ¼ 0.37, P ¼ 0.37).As suggested above, biological phenomena may provide particularly important explanations for the inheritance discrepancy before fertilization, whereas methodology-associated biases may arise more after birth. A large-scale TL inheritance study of neonatal offspring along with both parents might identify whether biology or methodology lies at the origin of the observed discrepancy. Methodology-induced biases will most likely be related to measurement method, parental age at conception, parental and offspring age at measurement, and parental survival. Statistical adjustment for the latter variables, or selection of appropriate population subsets might allow discernment of the effect(s) at play. The use of nonparametric statistics or bettervalidated TL measurements might eliminate the possibility that the discrepancies are related to nonlinearity in the TL measurement scale. In summary, there are several possible explanations for the parental TL inheritance discrepancy, and the net effect most likely depends on the specific study design and characteristics of the included populations. A novel (meta-)analysis of the different data sets adjusting for the above-suggested putative confounding variables might enable the identification of the underlying mechanism, or at least might eliminate several methodological possibilities.