“…TNF-α has been reported to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes and/ or macrophages, and their cellular autoimmunity results in hepatocellular injury (6,7,9,10). These activated cells were also reported to produce B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), which stimulates B-cell inducing humoral autoimmunity (19). In theory, therefore, TNF inhibitor may be effective in the treatment of AIH; however, no reports have been published to date showing TNF inhibitor to be clinically useful as a treatment for AIH.…”