Elevated Serum Urea-to-Creatinine Ratio and In-Hospital Death in Patients with Hyponatremia Hospitalized for COVID-19

Abstract

Hyponatremia is associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients. An elevated value of the serum urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR) has been proposed as a proxy of hypovolemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the UCR and in-hospital death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and hyponatremia. We studied 258 patients admitted for COVID-19 between January 2020 and May 2021 with serum sodium at < 135 mmol/L. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality. A 5-unit increase in the serum UCR during hospital stays was associated with an 8% increase in the hazard of all-cause death (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.14, p = 0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. In patients with a UCR > 40 at baseline, a > 10 mmol/L increase in serum sodium values within the first week of hospitalization was associated with higher odds of in-hospital death (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.03–8.36, p = 0.044) compared to patients who experienced a < 10 mmol/L change. This was not observed in patients with a UCR < 40. Hypovolemia developing during hospital stays in COVID-19 patients with hyponatremia detected at hospital admission bears an adverse prognostic impact. Moreover, in hypovolemic patients, a > 10 mmol/L increase in serum sodium within the first week of hospital stays may further worsen the in-hospital prognosis.

Emerging Trends in Complications Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…Shifting the focus to another critical aspect, the elevated serum urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR) emerges as a potential proxy for hypovolemia, with a 5-unit increase linked to an 8% rise in all-cause mortality. Notably, patients with a baseline UCR > 40 face higher odds of in-hospital death when experiencing > 10 mmol/L increases in serum sodium within the first week [14]. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring sodium levels and implementing targeted interventions for at-risk patients [15].…”