Elevated sex steroid hormones in great saphenous veins in men

Abstract

Elevated serum estradiol and testosterone levels were detected in men with varicose veins and reflux in the GSV compared with the patient's own arm veins. Enzymes and hormonal receptors involved in steroid metabolism were down-regulated in patients with GSV reflux and varicose veins, suggestive of a negative feedback regulation. These data support the notion of a possible causal relationship between sex steroids and varicose veins in men.

Estrogen is increased in male cholangiocarcinoma patients’ serum and stimulates invasion in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro

“…Furthermore, it has been reported the alteration of liver enzymes including 17b-HSD type2 and DHEA-ST in CCA tissue (Narasaka et al 2000). These enzymes can metabolize and facilitate the elimination of estrogen through biliary system, so the impairment of these enzymes may lead to the accumulation of estrogen, for example, the reduction of 17b-HSD type 2 has been reported the association with estrogen accumulation in human and animal model (Kendler et al 2010;Bagi et al 2008). In contrast, aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens, is minimally expressed in CCA tissues while the adjacent area of liver showed the increasing of this enzyme compared to the faraway hepatic area (Harada et al 1998).…”

Lower-limb veins are thicker and vascular reactivity is decreased in a rat PCOS model: concomitant vitamin D3treatment partially prevents these changes

“…Similar flowinduced alterations could be detected in varicosity (24). The association of varicosity with sex steroids was examined in previous human studies (3,13); however, there is no published clinical report on the prevalence of venous varicosity in polycystic ovary syndrome. In our study, the increased venous diameter and wall mass that developed in response to DHT treatment may have an adaptive characteristic and may be caused by developing body weight (obesity) (10) induced by elevated blood flow, resulting in higher wall stress.…”

Intelligent Analysis of Some Factors Characterizing Patients Operated For Varicose Veins at Setif University Hospital -Algeria

“…However, testosterone and estradiol levels in the veins of the legs compared with the cubital veins remain considerable even after treatment of saphenous veins at reflux in men. This may explain the relationship between hormones and varicose veins in the legs and arms of men [12]. Constipation may also play a role in conjunction with other factors cited in recent epidemiological studies.…”