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Thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomer (TPEE) is a highly flammable material with severe melt‐dropping, which greatly limits its range of applications. Here, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) were used to improve the fire safety of TPEE for the first time. Results demonstrated that ADP/BPs as a synergistic combination exhibits good dispersity and excellent flame retardancy, also has minimal negative effects on the mechanical performances of the TPEE composites. By comparing TPEE/ADP‐22 and TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4, the introduction of BPs significantly reduced the addition of ADP while keeping the material at the higher vertical burning grade, ~54.5% reduction in ADP usage. Compared with neat TPEE, TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4 fulfilled V‐0 level, avoided dripping, and the limiting oxygen index value increased to 34.0%. Moreover, TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4 performed the best in cone calorimetry test, both the peak heat release rate and total heat release reduced the largest, by 44.2% and 25.3%, respectively. The detailed studies of the flame‐retardant mechanism found that ADP/BPs showed the fire‐retardant impact of the condensed phase and gaseous phase. This work expands BPs in the flame‐retardant application and could facilitate to prepare the anti‐dripping flame‐resistant TPEE.Highlights BPs as an efficient flame retardant were added into TPEE for the first time. ADP/BPs as a synergistic combination has an excellent fire‐retardant effect. The introduction of BPs significantly reduced the addition of ADP. TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4 showed the highest FPI and the lowest FGI. ADP/BPs has lowest negative effects on the mechanical performances of matrix.
Thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomer (TPEE) is a highly flammable material with severe melt‐dropping, which greatly limits its range of applications. Here, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) were used to improve the fire safety of TPEE for the first time. Results demonstrated that ADP/BPs as a synergistic combination exhibits good dispersity and excellent flame retardancy, also has minimal negative effects on the mechanical performances of the TPEE composites. By comparing TPEE/ADP‐22 and TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4, the introduction of BPs significantly reduced the addition of ADP while keeping the material at the higher vertical burning grade, ~54.5% reduction in ADP usage. Compared with neat TPEE, TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4 fulfilled V‐0 level, avoided dripping, and the limiting oxygen index value increased to 34.0%. Moreover, TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4 performed the best in cone calorimetry test, both the peak heat release rate and total heat release reduced the largest, by 44.2% and 25.3%, respectively. The detailed studies of the flame‐retardant mechanism found that ADP/BPs showed the fire‐retardant impact of the condensed phase and gaseous phase. This work expands BPs in the flame‐retardant application and could facilitate to prepare the anti‐dripping flame‐resistant TPEE.Highlights BPs as an efficient flame retardant were added into TPEE for the first time. ADP/BPs as a synergistic combination has an excellent fire‐retardant effect. The introduction of BPs significantly reduced the addition of ADP. TPEE/ADP‐10/BPs‐4 showed the highest FPI and the lowest FGI. ADP/BPs has lowest negative effects on the mechanical performances of matrix.
Despite great advances in thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs), it is still a significant challenge for preparing flame-retardant TPAEs with facile strategies. In this work, a series of novel intrinsically flame-retardant TPAEs (PA6PTMG-xCEPPAs) containing polyamide 6 as the hard segment, poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) as the soft segment, and 2-carboxyethyl phenyl phosphonic acid (CEPPA) as a phosphorus-based flame-retardant unit were successfully synthesized through a facile one-step synthetic method. The properties of as-prepared PA6PTMG-xCEPPA were fine-tuned by varying the CEPPA content after determining the ratio of soft and hard segments. Results showed that increasing the CEPPA content significantly enhanced the flame retardancy of PA6PTMG-xCEPPA. The resultant PA6PTMG-4CEPPA and PA6PTMG-6CEPPA could obtain limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of approximately 25.0 and 28.4%, respectively, both meeting V-0 rating in UL-94 tests. The flame-retardant mechanism can be ascribed to involve char layer formation in the condensed phase and free-radical quenching in the gas phase. However, with increasing CEPPA unit content, the intrinsic viscosity, thermal properties, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and spinnability of the as-prepared PA6PTMG-xCEPPA decreased. Fortunately, PA6PTMG-4CEPPA with superior flame retardancy still presented excellent spinnability, and the corresponding elastic fibers had 83.3% elongation at break and 1.57 cN/dtex tensile strength, indicating its outstanding comprehensive properties. Therefore, the asprepared intrinsically flame-retardant TPAEs possess promising potential for widespread application across various industrial sectors.
In the industrial sector, understanding the behavior of block copolymers in supercritical solvents is crucial. While qualitative agreement with polymer solubility curves has been evaluated using complex theoretical models in many cases, quantitative predictions remain challenging. This study aimed to create a rapid and accurate artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the lower critical solubility and upper critical solubility space of an atypical block copolymer, poly(styrene-co-octafluoropentyl methacrylate) (PSOM), in different supercritical solvent systems over a wide range of temperatures (51.75−182.05 °C) and high pressure . The experimental data set used in this study included one copolymer, five supercritical solvents, one cosolvent, and one initiator. It consisted of seven unique copolymer−solvent combinations (252 cloud point pressures) used to predict the model quantitatively and qualitatively. To predict the PSOM−solvent interactions, the study considered two different input systems: a six-variable system, a five-variable system, and one target output. Initially, we used a three-layer feed-forward neural network to select the best learning algorithm (Levenberg−Marquardt) from 14 different algorithms, considering one sample PSOM−solvent system. Then, the network topology was optimized by varying hidden neuron numbers from 2 to 80 for all seven PSOM−solvent combination systems. The predicted cloud point pressures were in excellent agreement with the experimental cloud point pressures, confirming the model's accuracy. It is clear from the results of a minimum mean square error (≤1.90 × 10 −27 ) and maximum linear regression R 2 (≥0.99) during training, validation, and testing of all the data sets. Further, the ANN model accuracy was tested by statistical analysis, confirming the model's ability to accurately capture the miscibility regions of polymers, enabling efficient processing of various polymer materials. This data-driven approach facilitates the prediction of coexistence curves for other polymers and complex macromolecular systems.
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