Elevation of alanine transaminase and gallbladder wall abnormalities as biomarkers of anaphylaxis in canine hypersensitivity patients

Abstract

This study showed an elevated ALT and an abnormal gallbladder wall to be biomarkers significantly associated with anaphylaxis in dogs with acute hypersensitivity reactions.

Triggers, risk factors and clinico‐pathological features of urticaria in dogs – a prospective observational study of 24 cases

“…18,20 This can be explained by the fact that previous studies focused mainly on anaphylaxis and a potential selection bias could explain this discrepancy. Neurological and respiratory signs were infrequent findings and included only changes in mentation, in agreement with other reports.…”

“…18,20,51 The rate of adverse effects due to vaccination in dogs of <10 kg is doubled; 51 therefore, not only the type of allergen, but also its relative amount seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions. Among medium-to large-size breeds, boxers, Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers are more frequently associated with anaphylaxis.…”

“…8,11,13 In dogs, the main shock organ is the liver leading to GI signs such as vomiting and diarrhoea (over 90%). [14][15][16][17][18] Some GI changes may be due to direct histamine release from the intestine, but are mostly associated with mediator release directly from the liver, as shown in a study with dehepatized dogs. 15,19 The cardiovascular signs are most often secondary to liver changes (hepatic arterial vasodilation and increase in hepatic portal vascular resistance).…”

“…15,19 The cardiovascular signs are most often secondary to liver changes (hepatic arterial vasodilation and increase in hepatic portal vascular resistance). 17,18 In two studies, other affected organs in dogs were the skin (ranging from 57 to 68%) and, less frequently, the respiratory and neurological systems. 18,20 Interestingly, however, the highest mast cell density and histamine content after experimental anaphylaxis induction was recorded in the liver, skin and in particular the ear pinnae, which suggests that the skin should often, if not always, be affected, as is the case in humans.…”

Inner Ear Disorders: Exploring Possible Links between the Endolymphatic Sac, Gall Bladder and Small Intestine

“…The GB could also be affected by allergic processes and Reynoso et al [10] commented that both bile and biliary epithelium have active immunologic roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. An abnormal gallbladder wall was observed to be significantly associated with anaphylaxis in dogs with acute hypersensitivity reactions [11].…”