“…Alternative payment vehicles that have therefore been trialed in developing country contexts include bags of rice (Shyamsundar and Kramer, 1996) and meals (Diafas et al ., 2017). The most popular alternative to a monetary payment vehicle, however, is payment in terms of time (e.g., Hardner, 1996; Kamuanga et al ., 2001; Hung et al ., 2007; O'Garra, 2009; Abramson et al ., 2011; Casiwan-Launio et al ., 2011; Rai and Scarborough, 2013; Vondolia et al ., 2014; Gibson et al ., 2016; Pondorfer and Rehdanz, 2018; Vondolia and Navrud, 2019). In general, the studies that use time payment vehicles find that this payment vehicle is highly accepted by respondents, and is often preferred over money payments (Kamuanga et al ., 2001; Alam, 2006; Hung et al ., 2007; O'Garra, 2009; Abramson et al ., 2011; Casiwan-Launio et al ., 2011; Rai and Scarborough, 2013; Vondolia et al ., 2014).…”