The effects of pre-and postorgasmic presentation of moderately erotic cues were assessed in an analogue study. Eight heterosexual male volunteers (18 to 23 years) participated in three assessment (baseline, termination-of-treatment, and two-to three-month followup) and eight masturbatory conditioning sessions. Three slides of nude females of initially equal erotic value were paired respectively with the plateau, refractory, and resolution phases of the subjects' sexual cycles. Over treatment, stimuli paired with the plateau phase increased significantly in penile tumescence indices of eroticism; conversely, stimuli paired with the refractory phase decreased significantly. The conditioned effects on tumescence were largely extinguished at followup. While treatment did not alter shortterm subjective indices of eroticism, stimuli presented during the refractory phase were rated significantly less erotic than the other stimuli at followup. The findings suggest that the "pairing" model of orgasmic conditioning is insufficient to account for previously reported clinical findings. A broader conceptualization of the mechanisms of orgasmic conditioning, and implications for treatment are discussed.DESCRIPTORS: sexual behavior, sexual deviation, penile erection, postorgasmic deconditioning, pre-orgasmic reconditioning, heterosexual males Over the last 14 yr, a number of successful case reports involving the application of orgasmic reconditioning (guided fantasy in masturbation) to modify stimulus control of sexual arousal have been published (see review by Abel and Blanchard, 1974 instructed a 20-yr-old male voyeur to masturbate whenever he felt the urge to peep; he was further told to focus on his most exciting pornographic photos before ejaculation. After two weeks of this regimen, the client reported no desire to peep; pornographic pictures were then replaced with Playboy-type nude female photos. At nine-month followup the client again reported no desire to peep and that he had experienced two satisfactory heterosexual relations in the interim. Finally, in a series of own-controlled experiments, Conrad and Wincze (1976) assessed attitudinal, behavioral, and physiological responses of four homosexuals to orgasmic reconditioning treatment. While the subjects in this study reported improvements in their sexual adjustment, behavioral and physiological measures failed to change.Considering the sparse, confounded, and variable state of the orgasmic reconditioning literature there is a clear need for controlled studies to evaluate the effectiveness of orgasmic reconditioning and method(s) by which its effects are achieved.