Elimination of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, using mass DEC-fortified salt as a supplementary intervention to MDA

Shriram, A N; Premkumar, Addepalli; Krishnamoorthy, K.; De, Amitabha; Paul, Suman; Subramanian, S.; Vijayachari, P.; Jambulingam, Purushothaman

doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06659-7

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Since Mf prevalence was above the pre-TAS benchmark of <1%, MDA was being continued in the district. Additionally, studies carried out in the Nancowry Islands in 2014 also showed that the microfilaria prevalence was >1% [15]. This study carried out MX as a supplementary measure to assess the impact of MDA.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…As the Mf rate was more than 1%, MDA was continued and nine rounds of MDA were completed by 2014. Even after 9 rounds of Mass Drug Administration, microfilaria prevalence (1.7%) was above the transmission threshold level (1%), indicating continued transmission [15].…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The assay detected vector infection in nine villages from all the four islands and in all these villages was more than 0.1%. The Mf prevalence in the islands ranged between 0% and 9.3% in different villages with an overall Mf prevalence of 1.7% after nine rounds of MDA [15]. In Samoa, MX conducted after seven rounds of MDA showed 4.7% vector infection in Ae.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In view of the ongoing transmission, MDA was continued in Nicobar district including the four Islands with additional inputs as per the national accelerated plan of LF elimination [38]. A pilot study with mass distribution of DEC fortified salt as a supplementary measure to the ongoing MDA was implemented in two islands in 2016 and after one year of intervention total interruption of transmission was achieved [15]. MX was not carried out after DEC salt distribution and the impact was assessed only from infection in human.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular xenomonitoring of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Aedes (Downsiomyia) niveus (Ludlow, 1903) after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Nancowry Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

et al. 2020

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A group of four human inhabited Nancowry Islands in Nicobar district in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India having a population of 7674 is the lone focus of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (DspWB) that is transmitted by Aedes niveus (Ludlow). Microfilaria (Mf) prevalence was above 1% even after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with DEC and albendazole. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX) was conducted to identify appropriate vector sampling method and assess the impact. BioGents Sentinel traps, gravid traps and human baited double bed nettraps were used in three locations in each village to collect Aedes niveus female mosquitoes. Subsequently daytime man landing collections (MLC) were carried out in all the 25 villages in the islands. Collections were compared in terms of the number of vector mosquitoes captured per trap collection. Females of Ae. niveus were pooled, dried and processed for detecting filarial parasite DNA using RT-PCR assay. Vector infection rate was estimated using PoolScreen software. Only 393 female mosquitoes including 44 Ae. niveus (11.2%) were collected from 459 trap collections using three trapping devices. From 151 MLCs, 2170 Ae. niveus female mosquitoes were collected. The average prevalence of W. bancrofti DNA was 0.43%. Estimated upper 95% CI exceeded the provisional prevalence threshold of 0.1% in all the villages, indicating continued transmission as observed in Mf survey. MLCs could be the choice, for now, to sample Ae. niveus mosquitoes. The PCR assay used in MX for nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis could be adopted for DspWB. The vector-parasite MX, can be used to evaluate interventions in this area after further standardization of the protocol.

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Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Molecular xenomonitoring of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Aedes (Downsiomyia) niveus (Ludlow, 1903) after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Nancowry Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

et al. 2020

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“…Limited community-scale trials in India with DEC-fortified salt at the concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 per cent over 3-12 months with complete coverage led to the reduction of MF rate ranging from 86 to 100 per cent 16 17 18 19 20 21 . These are described below.…”

Section: Experience In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diethylcarbamazine citrate-fortified salt for lymphatic filariasis elimination in India

Sabesan

Krishnamoorthy²,

Sl³

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease, causing permanent disability. The disease is debilitating and widespread, leading to tremendous productivity and economic loss. The Government of India (GOI) prioritized the elimination of LF through the annual mass drug administration (MDA) programme in 2004 and continued with a single dose of diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), 6 mg/kg of body weight, plus albendazole annually over a period of 5-6 years. The GOI had set the target to achieve LF elimination by 2015 and now by 2030. The progress so far has been suboptimal. Much remains to be done as about 84 per cent of the total 328 endemic districts are still under MDA. The major challenge in implementing MDA is poor compliance. It is necessary to have a feasible alternative strategy addressing the above challenge to achieve the desired goal of LF elimination. At this juncture, a well-researched approach, i.e . the use of DEC-fortified salt, also advocated by the World Health Organization, as a unique form of MDA, is proposed. As per this strategy, a low dose of DEC (0.2% w/w) is added to the cooking salt at the manufacturing facility of iodized salt and consumed by the LF-endemic communities for about two years. Many examples of successful use of this strategy for LF elimination in small- and large-scale trials have been documented in India and several other endemic countries in the world. Implementing DEC–iodine-fortified salt is a safe, less expensive, more efficient and prompt approach for achieving the elimination of LF in India. Adverse effects are none or minor and self-limiting. The DEC-fortified salt strategy can easily piggyback on the existing countrywide deployment of iodized salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP), which has achieved a great success in reducing iodine-deficiency disorders such as hypothyroidism. This existing robust programme can be leveraged to launch DEC-fortified salt for the community. If implemented appropriately, this strategy will ensure the complete cessation of LF transmission within two years from its introduction. If the said strategy is implemented in 2022, it is expected that India will be able to achieve the LF elimination by 2024, much before the global target of 2030.

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Heterogeneous response of Wuchereria bancrofti–infected persons to diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and its implications for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF)

Sankari

Subramanian

Hoti³

et al. 2020

Parasitol Res

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Elimination of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, using mass DEC-fortified salt as a supplementary intervention to MDA

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Molecular xenomonitoring of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Aedes (Downsiomyia) niveus (Ludlow, 1903) after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Nancowry Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Molecular xenomonitoring of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Aedes (Downsiomyia) niveus (Ludlow, 1903) after nine rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Nancowry Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Diethylcarbamazine citrate-fortified salt for lymphatic filariasis elimination in India

Heterogeneous response of Wuchereria bancrofti–infected persons to diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and its implications for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF)

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