Elimination of External Parasites(Lice) Is the Primary Function of Grooming in Free-ranging Japanese Macaques.

Tanaka, Ikuko; Takefushi, Haruo

doi:10.1537/ase.101.187

Cited by 126 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Franz (1999) already showed that grooming in captive bonobos is concentrated on body parts that are inaccessible to the groomee, which supports the hygienic function of grooming behaviour (e.g. Tanaka & Takefushi, 1993). The production of β-endorphins (Keverne et al, 1989) and the stress reducing effects for the groomee (Boccia et al, 1989) may also play an important part, especially in captive conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The influence of the steepness of dominance hierarchies on reciprocity and interchange in captive groups of bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Stevens¹,

Vervaecke²,

Vries³

et al. 2005

Behav

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SummaryBiological market models explain variability in reciprocity and interchange between groups. In groups with a shallow dominance gradient, grooming will be mostly exchanged for itself (i.e. exchange will occur). In groups with steep dominance hierarchies, interchange is expected: individuals will groom higher ranking individuals to get access to limited resources or commodities such as support in conflicts, and grooming will be traded for these commodities.We examine patterns of reciprocity in grooming and support, and of interchange of grooming for support or for tolerance in six captive groups of bonobos. We test whether differences between groups in patterns of reciprocity and interchange can be attributed to differences in a measure of steepness of dominance hierarchies, which is based on dyadic agonistic interactions.We found that grooming was reciprocal in some, but not all groups. Support was highly reciprocal, but this was a side effect of dominance in most groups. Interchange between grooming and support was observed in some groups. Corroborating earlier findings, this was a side effect of individuals preferring high ranking individuals as grooming and support partners, possibly because these high-ranking individuals provide more efficient support in conflicts. There was no evidence for interchange of grooming for tolerance.Variability in grooming reciprocity was explained by differences in steepness of dominance hierarchies, as predicted by the biological market models. In groups with a shallow dominance hierarchy, grooming was more reciprocal. This was not true for reciprocity in

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The influence of the steepness of dominance hierarchies on reciprocity and interchange in captive groups of bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Stevens¹,

Vervaecke²,

Vries³

et al. 2005

Behav

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“…The second issue concerns the categorization of groups as`despotic' or`egalitarian' on the basis of group-level patterns of a¤liation (van Schaik 1989;Cheney 1992). Although we do not deny that there may be speciestypical di¡erences in temperament, our results suggest that females within a single social group can vary in their patterns of grooming and can maintain both reciprocal (egalitarian) and interchange (despotic) relationships depending on the potential power di¡erence between the members of a dyad.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons

Barrett

Henzi

Weingrill

et al. 1999

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

314

289

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We argue that grooming is a commodity that female primates can trade, either for itself or in exchange for other services (sensu biological markets theory) and that the decision to do either will depend on the degree of competition within a social group. We test this using data from four chacma baboon troops, living in two populations that di¡er markedly in the degree of contest competition. As predicted by the predominance of grooming dyads in which females are closely ranked there was, in all four troops, a positive correlation between the time invested by one partner and that by the other. In addition, as predicted, the allocation of time was more closely matched in troops where grooming could not be exchanged for anything else. In troops where resource competition was high, we found in one of two troops a positive relationship between rank distance and the discrepancy in time allocation, with the lower ranking of the partners contributing more grooming.

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“…Allogrooming, or social grooming, is the most common form of affiliative behavior in nonhuman primates (Dunbar 1991;Leinfelder et al 2001). The primary function of grooming was probably hygienic, notably the removal of ecto-parasites, and improving thermoregulation by improving the fur's loftiness (Johnson et al 2004;Saunders and Hausfater 1988;Tanaka and Takefushi 1993). Proximate mechanisms evolved that make being groomed feel pleasant to ensure that individuals actively seek being groomed (Dunbar 2010;Keverne 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negotiations over Grooming in Wild Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)

Waal¹,

Spinelli²,

Bshary³

et al. 2013

Int J Primatol

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Mutual grooming plays a central role in the establishment and maintenance of social relationships in primates. Allogrooming has two main functions: hygiene and bonding with partners. The duration of grooming bouts is commonly used in studies of the functional aspects of grooming, but few reflect on the proximate mechanisms that determine grooming bout lengths. As it is highly unlikely that groomer and groomee prefer exactly the same bout length, we are likely to observe the result of some form of negotiation. We currently lack information about the signals that primates employ to inform others about their intentions and desires concerning grooming interactions. From October 2006 until April 2007 we studied three behaviors shown in grooming interactions that could potentially have a signaling function in the negotiation process over the initiation and length of grooming bouts among adult females of two vervet groups freely ranging in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa: approaching another individual as far as that resulted in a grooming session, changing of the body position by the groomed individual, and lip smacking. We found that "approach" did not reliably predict which individual would receive grooming first, although approaching individuals groomed significantly more than those approached. Thus, in Erica van de Waal and Martina Spinelli are joined first authorship.

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Elimination of External Parasites(Lice) Is the Primary Function of Grooming in Free-ranging Japanese Macaques.

Cited by 126 publications

References 8 publications

The influence of the steepness of dominance hierarchies on reciprocity and interchange in captive groups of bonobos (Pan paniscus)

The influence of the steepness of dominance hierarchies on reciprocity and interchange in captive groups of bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons

Negotiations over Grooming in Wild Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)

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