Elimination of Glycidyl Palmitate in Diolein by Treatment with Activated Bleaching Earth

Shimizu, Masao; Moriwaki, Junya; Shiiba, Daisuke; Nohara, Hidenori; Kudo, Naoto; Katsuragi, Yoshihisa

doi:10.5650/jos.61.23

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Shimizu et al. () used acid‐activated bleaching clay to remove Gly‐E from different types of vegetable oils including palm oils and rice bran oils (Shimizu et al., ). In all tested oils, the concentration of Gly‐E was reduced by 99% or more when using 1% acid‐activated bleaching clay.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all tested oils, the concentration of Gly‐E was reduced by 99% or more when using 1% acid‐activated bleaching clay. As an example, the sum of all measured Gly‐E concentrations (which consisted of palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate esters) was reduced from an average of 10.3 mg/kg to below the LOQ of 0.1 mg/kg (Shimizu et al., ). Those authors noted that glycidyl palmitate was modified instead of being absorbed by the activated bleaching clay.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…() and Shimizu et al. () have explained this reversible conversion of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD‐E into Gly‐E in more detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, Gly-E can also be formed from both 2-and 3-MCPD-E under certain temperature, time, and pH conditions, and this pathway of Gly-E formation is reversible. and Shimizu et al (2012) have explained this reversible conversion of 2-and 3-MCPD-E into Gly-E in more detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry

Oey

Fels‐Klerx

Fogliano

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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The refining of vegetable oils leads to the formation of 2‐ and 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol esters (2‐ and 3‐MCPD‐E), and glycidyl esters (Gly‐E). A literature review was performed aiming to provide up‐to‐date knowledge on mitigation strategies during oil refining that can reduce the formation of these three processing contaminants. The review used the database Scopus and covered the period from 2009 to 2017. Most of the 18 papers dealt with palm oil and two papers with vegetable oil. Most studies focused on 3‐MCPD‐E, some on Gly‐E, and none on 2‐MCPD‐E. Water degumming was able to reduce the concentrations of 3‐MCPD‐E by 84% and Gly‐E by 26%. Neutralization of the oil reduced concentrations of 3‐MCPD‐E by 81% and Gly‐E by 84%. Bleaching with synthetic magnesium silicate reduced the 3‐MCPD‐E concentration by 67%. For the deodorization step, several mitigation strategies, such as double‐deodorization, the addition of various antioxidants, or a longer deodorization time, can reduce the formations of 3‐MCPD‐E by 82% and Gly‐E by 78%. Postrefining mitigation, including the use of absorbents, enzymes, or rebleaching of the oil, has also been reported to produce desirable contaminant reduction. Postrefining treatment with calcinated zeolite was able to reduce the 3‐MCPD‐E concentration by 19% and the Gly‐E concentration by 77%. Applying combined mitigation strategies to multiple steps of oil refining is likely crucial in order to adequately reduce levels of 3‐MCPD‐E and Gly‐E.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…() and Shimizu et al. () have explained this reversible conversion of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD‐E into Gly‐E in more detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry

Oey

Fels‐Klerx

Fogliano

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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show abstract

“…Compared with the DAG product sold by Kao Corporation, the DAGs produced in this study have significantly higher purity (99.74% versus 80.8–86.1%) and comparable acid and peroxide value . Attractively, the GE, 3‐MCPDE, and TFA content in the DAGs produced in this study were undetectable, whereas the GE content in the DAGs sold by Kao Corporation is higher than 250 mg kg −1 . In summary, the proposed process not only gave high purity (99.74%) DAG product with undetectable GEs, 3‐MCPDEs and TFAs, but also resulted in good quantity of the DAG product with undetectable acid value and acceptable peroxide value (2.05 mmol kg −1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

A Feasible Industrialized Process for Producing High Purity Diacylglycerols with No Contaminants

Qin

Sun

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Industrial production of high purity diacylglycerols (DAGs) is still a challenge around the world because of contaminant formation during DAG production, such as glycidyl esters (GEs), 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propanediol esters (3‐MCPDEs), and trans fatty acids (TFAs). This study develops a feasible industrialized process for producing high purity DAGs with no contaminants by combining enzymatic esterification, three‐stage molecular distillation, bleaching, and stream stripping deodorization. After immobilized SMG1‐F278N‐catalyzed esterification in a packed bed reactor at 30 °C, the product contains 50.87% DAGs, 32.82% monoacylglycerols (MAGs), and 16.31% FAs. The resultant DAGs are subsequently purified by a three‐stage molecular distillation at 150, 160, and 160 °C, respectively, followed by bleaching under vacuum (2 kPa) at 65 °C and deodorization under vacuum (100 Pa) at 160 °C. Contaminants containing GEs, 3‐MCPDEs, and TFAs are undetectable throughout the whole process of DAG preparation. The final DAG product contains 99.74% DAGs and shows good quality indices (peroxide value of 2.05 mmol kg−1 and undetectable acid value). Overall, this study proposes a new industrial strategy for the production of DAGs with high purity and quality, which may promote the re‐commercialization of DAGs in the near future. Practical Applications: DAGs were widely sold in Japan and America as healthy cooking oils owing to their health promoting properties, however, sales of DAGs were stopped after the detection of the potential carcinogen of GEs seriously exceeded the allowed value in DAGs. This study proposes a feasible industrialized process for producing high purity and quality DAGs with no contaminants including GEs, 3‐MCPDEs, and TFAs. The immobilized SMG1‐F278N that fills in packed bed reactor for DAG production can be used for at least a half year without significant loss in its esterification activity, indicating that the proposed process is an economical process. Overall, the proposed economical strategy may shed light for future production of edible, available, and safe DAGs. A feasible industrialized process for producing high purity diacylglycerols (DAGs) with no contaminants is proposed. Overall, the proposed economical strategy may shed light for future production of edible, available, and safe DAGs.

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Palm Oil

Lai¹,

Phuah²,

Lee³

et al. 2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Palm oil is consumed in over 150 countries worldwide. It plays a pivotal role in the socioeconomic development of Asian, Latin American, and African regions. Of all the palm oil and palm kernel oil entering global trade, Malaysia and Indonesia account for more than half the market share, dominating the international trade in palm oil. The increasing importance of palm oil has naturally led to a steady buildup of scientific, technical, and trade data and information. The success of the palm oil industry in Malaysia and Indonesia, in particular, has never been easy. It has been wrought with obstacles and has gotten harder in recent years. The industry has been inundated with issues of mistrusts and misconceptions about the oil, its composition, and its nutritional benefits. Other issues that have garnered attention include its trade and traceability, new process contaminants, environmental management, and other issues relating to the sustainable development of the palm oil industry. This article overviews the role of palm oil industry in the international oils and fats market, the technology involved in oil extracting and processing, palm oil quality parameters, and the applications of palm oil in food and nonfood products. The issues that are becoming relevant, namely the existence of process contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) esters and glycidol esters, trade and traceability, together with other issues related to a sustainable development of the palm oil industry, have also been included.

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Elimination of Glycidyl Palmitate in Diolein by Treatment with Activated Bleaching Earth

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry

Mitigation Strategies for the Reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in the Vegetable Oil Processing Industry

A Feasible Industrialized Process for Producing High Purity Diacylglycerols with No Contaminants

Palm Oil

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