“…Particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods are used to fine-tune the PI controllers' gain settings [20], [21]. Gain settings of the PI controller in SAPFs have been optimized using evolutionary algorithms including genetic algorithm (GA) [22], bacterial foraging (BF) [23], firefly [24], ant colony optimization (ACO) [25], and differential evolution (DE) [26], and to steer clear of sub-optimal pitfalls. More recently PSO has been outlined for solving optimization problems; it is a swarm intelligence based stochastic optimization technique.The primary objective is to devise a strategy for optimizing all SAPF design controller parameters and to reduce the THD.…”