Elimination of interfering compounds during GC determination of toxaphene residues by photodechlorination reactions

A prospective, randomized, and double‐blind trial on the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following ptca

“…Bleeding times were not recorded in the present study; however, none of the patients demonstrated or reported on bleeding complications during the combined treatment with aspirin and fish oil. In contrast to the concern on the present levels of the insecticide toxaphene in enviromental products [37], determination of toxaphene by chromatography in fish oil capsules only revealed levels below 0.4 mg/kg.…”

Toxaphene Residue Composition as an Indicator of Degradation Pathways

“…The percentage of the identified components cannot be given exactly because of coelution, even when using high resolution capillary columns, and because response factors are known only for some of the components. These points aside, the peak area percentage of all identified components (measured with ECD) amounts to 50% of the total technical toxaphene (30,36,37).…”

Analysis and Characterization of Polychlorinated Hydroxybornanes as Metabolites of Toxaphene Using a Polar Bear Model

“…However, toxaphene residues are still detected in food samples as well as in environmental samples all around the world. − High toxaphene levels were determined in marine organisms, especially in fatty fish and marine mammals. For example, Vetter et al reported 5–1460 μg/kg wet weight of CTTs in different seal species, which was a higher level than hexachlorocyclohexane (4–660 μg/kg) and hexachlorobenzene (0.2–230 μg/kg) detected in the same samples. − However, the toxaphene residue pattern in these higher organisms differed vastly from the complexity of the technical product. , One octa- and one nonachlorobornane, 2- exo ,3- endo ,5- exo ,6- endo ,8,8,10,10-octachlorobornane (B8-1413) and 2- exo ,3- endo ,5- exo ,6- endo ,8,8,9,10,10-nonachlorobornane (B9-1679), were found to be particularly recalcitrant in marine mammals. , Transformation of the many hundred less persistent CTTs may occur abiotically by UV light. , Comparatively little is currently known about the mechanisms of biotic transformation of toxaphene. − Next to reductive dechlorination, , hydroxylation via the phase-I reaction of the detoxification metabolism represents one plausible degradation pathway, which has already been shown for similar xenobiotics . Chandurkar and Matsumura verified the formation of five hydroxylated metabolites by enzymatic transformation of toxaphene in rat livers under laboratory conditions. , Furthermore, in vitro experiments with toxaphene-spiked microsomes of marine mammals, e.g., sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) and harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina ), resulted in toxaphene transformation along with the tentative detection of one mono- and one trihydroxylated metabolite formed after incubation with NADPH .…”

“…18,19 Transformation of the many hundred less persistent CTTs may occur abiotically by UV light. 20,21 Comparatively little is currently known about the mechanisms of biotic transformation of toxaphene. 22−25 Next to reductive dechlorination, 18,26 hydroxylation via the phase-I reaction of the detoxification metabolism represents one plausible degradation pathway, which has already been shown for similar xenobiotics.…”