Elimination of ionic interferences in the determination of sulphates in water using the lead-sensitive ion-selective electrode

Hulanicki, Adam; Lewandowski, Rafał; Lewenstam, Andrzej

doi:10.1039/an9760100939

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Ca 2ϩ and Mg 2ϩ interfere with the precipitation process of BaSO 4 due to coprecipitation; they are removed by a strong cation exchanger in the H ϩ form (2,3). Bicarbonates are removed as CO 2 after being protonated.…”

Section: ϫ8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be achieved by decreasing the solubility product. It is common practice to decrease the solubility product by adding organic solvents with low dielectric constants (3). The solubility of BaSO 4 is decreased by more than two orders of magnitude in the presence of 50 -60% (v/v) ethanol.…”

Section: ϫ8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by 2[HCO 3 Ϫ ] ϩ 4[CO 3 2Ϫ ], as result of the removal of the carbonic species; and (b) all cations are replaced with Li ϩ , the equivalent conductance of which is about half that of most cationic species. The decrease in conductivity is of importance with respect to the conductometric titration, as is shown below.…”

Section: Pretreatment Of Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6a, where 0.5 mM sulfate solution is titrated in the presence of 0, 2, and 5 mM HCO 3 Ϫ . The amounts of bicarbonate are typical to those present in drinking water.…”

Section: Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of the analytical methods for determination of sulfates are based on precipitation of BaSO 4 or PbSO 4 (1)(2)(3). Gravimetric, turbidimetric, and various titrimetric techniques have been used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Sulfates in Drinking Water

Kirowa‐Eisner

Tzur

Brand

et al. 1999

Microchemical Journal

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Section: ϫ8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ϫ8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pretreatment Of Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6a, where 0.5 mM sulfate solution is titrated in the presence of 0, 2, and 5 mM HCO 3 Ϫ . The amounts of bicarbonate are typical to those present in drinking water.…”

Section: Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Sulfates in Drinking Water

Kirowa‐Eisner

Tzur

Brand

et al. 1999

Microchemical Journal

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Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to Daphnia magna (cladocera) and Chironomus riparius (diptera)

Ingersoll

Dwyer

May

1990

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Elevated concentrations of selenium (Se) have been previously measured in biota sampled from the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge (KNWR) in the San Joaquin Valley of central California. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the midge Chironomus riparius to determine the toxicity or bioaccumulation of waterborne Se in a reconstituted water similar to the San Joaquin River. Daphnids were more acutely sensitive than midges to the toxic effects of inorganic Se. An organic form of Se (seleno‐[L]‐methionine) was extremely toxic to daphnids, but was relatively nontoxic to midges. In long‐term exposure to a 6:1 mixture of selenate to selenite (a mixture representative of KNWR), the emergence time of adult midges was delayed at Se concentrations ≥ 837 μg/L. Daphnid reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were reduced at Se concentrations ≥ 348 μg/L and growth of adults was reduced at ≥ 156 μg/L. Whole body Mg, K and Na concentrations in daphnids were not affected by chronic Se exposure; however, whole body Ca concentration increased at intermediate Se exposure concentrations. In addition, whole body Cl concentration was reduced at 711 μg Se/L. Daphnids accumulated potentially toxic concentrations of Se from water that may adversely affect fish or waterfowl through the food chain.

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Toxicity of trace element and salinity mixtures to striped bass (Morone saxatilis) andDaphnia magna

Dwyer

Burch

Ingersoll

et al. 1992

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Acute toxicity tests with reconstituted water were conducted to investigate the relationship between water hardness, salinity, and a mixture of trace elements found in irrigation drain waters entering Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA), near Fallon, Nevada. The SWMA has been the site of many fish kills in recent years, and previous toxicity studies indicated that one drain water, Pintail Bay, was acutely toxic to organisms acclimated or cultured in fresh water or salt water. This toxicity could reflect both the ionic composition of this saline water and the presence of trace elements. The lowest water salinity tested with Daphnia magna was near the upper salinity tolerance of these organisms; therefore, we were unable to differentiate between the toxic effects of ion composition and those of trace elements. In toxicity tests conducted with striped bass (Morone saxatilis), we found that the extent to which salinity was lethal to striped bass depended on the ion composition of that salinity. Survival of striped bass increased as hardness increased. In addition, a trace element mixture was toxic to striped bass, even though the concentrations of individual elements were below expected acutely lethal concentrations. Although salinity is an important water quality characteristic, the ionic composition of the water must be considered when one assesses the hazard of irrigation drain waters to aquatic organisms.

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Elimination of ionic interferences in the determination of sulphates in water using the lead-sensitive ion-selective electrode

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Determination of Sulfates in Drinking Water

Determination of Sulfates in Drinking Water

Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to Daphnia magna (cladocera) and Chironomus riparius (diptera)

Toxicity of trace element and salinity mixtures to striped bass (Morone saxatilis) andDaphnia magna

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