Elimination of Isoxazolyl-Penicillins antibiotics in waters by the ligninolytic native Colombian strain Leptosphaerulina sp. considerations on biodegradation process and antimicrobial activity removal

Abstract

In this work, Leptosphaerulina sp. (a Colombian native fungus) significantly removed three Isoxazolyl-Penicillin antibiotics (IP): oxacillin (OXA, 16000 μg L), cloxacillin (CLX, 17500 μg L) and dicloxacillin (DCX, 19000 μg L) from water. The biological treatment was performed at pH 5.6, 28 °C, and 160 rpm for 15 days. The biotransformation process and lack of toxicity of the final solutions (antibacterial activity (AA) and cytotoxicity) were tested. The role of enzymes in IP removal was analysed through in vitro studies with enzymatic extracts (crude and pre-purified) from Leptosphaerulina sp., commercial enzymes and enzymatic inhibitors. Furthermore, the applicability of mycoremediation process to a complex matrix (simulated hospital wastewater) was evaluated. IP were considerably abated by the fungus, OXA was the fastest degraded (day 6), followed by CLX (day 7) and DCX (day 8). Antibiotics biodegradation was associated to laccase and versatile peroxidase action. Assays using commercial enzymes (i.e. laccase from Trametes versicolor and horseradish peroxidase) and inhibitors (EDTA, NaCl, sodium acetate, manganese (II) ions) confirmed the significant role of enzymatic transformation. Whereas, biomass sorption was not an important process in the antibiotics elimination. Evaluation of AA against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 revealed that Leptosphaerulina sp. also eliminated the AA. In addition, the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) on the HepG2 cell line demonstrated that the IP final solutions were non-toxic. Finally, Leptosphaerulina sp. eliminated OXA and its AA from synthetic hospital wastewater at 6 days. All these results evidenced the potential of Leptosphaerulina sp. mycoremediation as a novel environmentally friendly process for the removal of IP from aqueous systems.

Review on a Potential of Antibiotics

“…In 1874, physician Sir William Roberts noted that cultures of the mold Penicillium glaucum that is used in the making of some types of cheese did not display bacterial contamination. In 1876, 6 physicist John Tyndall also contributed to this field. Pasteur conducted research showing that Bacillus anthracis would not grow in the presence of the related mold Penicillium notatum.…”

Degradation of Penicillin G by Visible Light Irradiation-assisted Biotransformation by Whole Cell Paracoccus Sp.

“…With respect to biodegradation mechanisms, most β-lactam antibiotic degradation studies have focused on the separation and characterization of key intermediate metabolites and not the whole pathway, including the mineralization products [21][22][23][24]. HPLC-mass spectrometry has typically been used as the primary detection method; however, such a tool cannot absolutely con rm the structure of degradation products or fully clarify the changes in the degradation processes [25].…”

“…Regarding the technology for β-lactam antibiotic degradation, various methods such as nano ltration [26], ozonation [27,28], biodegradation [29], surface adsorption [30], advanced oxidation [19,31] and photocatalytic processes [22,32] have been reported to remove β-lactam antibiotics. However, biodegradation typically results in incomplete mineralization; furthermore, low degradation e ciency has been observed by several authors [33,34].…”

Degradation of Penicillin G by Visible Light Irradiation-Assisted Biotransformation by Whole Cell paracoccus sp .

“…Regarding the technology for β-lactam antibiotic degradation, various methods such as nano ltration [26], ozonation [27,28], biodegradation [29], surface adsorption [30], advanced oxidation [19,31] and photocatalytic processes [22,32] have been reported to remove β-lactam antibiotics. However, biodegradation typically results in incomplete mineralization; furthermore, low degradation e ciency has been observed by several authors [33,34].…”