Elite competitive swimmers exhibit higher motor cortical inhibition and superior sensorimotor skills in a water environment

Sato, Daisuke; Yamazaki, Yoshitake; Yamashiro, Koya; Onishi, Hideaki; Baba, Yoshifumi; Ikarashi, Koyuki; Maruyama, Atsuo

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112835

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In particular, Marconi’s group, after FVT, applied according to a clustered modality, evidenced a long-lasting advantageous cortical modulation of the agonist-antagonist muscle balance, correlated to the improvement of motor coordination of the joint belonging to the vibrated muscle and its antagonist [ 51 , 52 ]. It is worth noting that motor improvements, induced by traditional physical trainings, are correlated with similar rearrangements of cortical excitability [ 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Focal Muscle Vibration an Effective Motor Conditioning Intervention? A Systematic Review

Fattorini

Rodio

Pettorossi

et al. 2021

JFMK

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Mechanical vibration, applied to single or few muscles, can be a selective stimulus for muscle spindles, able to modify neuromuscular management, inducing short and long-term effects, are now mainly employed in clinic studies. Several studies reported as treatments with focal vibratory (FVT) can influence neuromuscular parameters also in healthy people. However, the application modalities and the consequent effects are remarkably fragmented. This paper aims to review these studies and to characterize the FVT effectiveness on long-term conditional capacities in relation to FVT characteristics. A systematic search of studies published from 1985 to 2020 in English on healthcare databases was performed. Articles had to meet the following criteria: (1) treatment based on a locally applied vibration on muscle belly or tendon; (2) healthy adults involved; (3) outcomes time analysis enduring for more than 24 h. Twelve studies were found, all of them presented an excellent quality score of ≥75%. All selected papers reported positive changes, comparable with traditional long-lasting training effects. Muscle force and power were the most investigated parameters. The after-effects persisted for up to several months. Among the different FV administration modalities, the most effective seems to show a stimulus frequency of ≈100 Hz, repeated more times within three-five days on a voluntary contracted muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Focal Muscle Vibration an Effective Motor Conditioning Intervention? A Systematic Review

Fattorini

Rodio

Pettorossi

et al. 2021

JFMK

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“…Moreover, it has been reported that the brain activity of athletes changes in a manner dependent on training environment. It has been indicated that swimmers, who usually process a large amount of somatosensory information such as touch, pressure, temperature, and cold during training in an underwater environment, can maintain the same sensory–motor functions in an underwater environment as on land [ 38 ]. In contrast, in non-swimmers, water-induced somatosensory input causes unnecessary brain activity, resulting in a decrease in sensory–motor functions in an underwater environment [ 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been indicated that swimmers, who usually process a large amount of somatosensory information such as touch, pressure, temperature, and cold during training in an underwater environment, can maintain the same sensory–motor functions in an underwater environment as on land [ 38 ]. In contrast, in non-swimmers, water-induced somatosensory input causes unnecessary brain activity, resulting in a decrease in sensory–motor functions in an underwater environment [ 38 ]. Thus, responses in a water immersion (WI) environment may differ between swimmers and non-swimmers who have trained in the water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Long-Term Training in a Water Immersion Environment Change Interoception?

Baba

Sato

Otsuru

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The aim of this study was to investigate individual interoception by comparing the responses of swimmers and baseball players when exposed to specific water environments, depending on training content and environment. Forty-eight healthy male university students were evaluated for their interoceptive response (accuracy, sensibility, and awareness) and heart rate following 25 min of water immersion (WI) at 35 °C. We assessed three conditions: pre-WI, during WI, and post-WI. The results indicated that interoceptive accuracy (IAcc) did not differ between groups because both swimming and baseball do not require emotional expression, as opposed to an activity such as dance. The heart rate was significantly decreased at post-WI compared to that at pre-WI. The IAcc of post-WI presented as higher than that of pre-WI. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the ratio of IAcc and that of HR among subjects. Moreover, the attention regulation subscale of the MAIA changed in the WI environment and the ratio of IAcc was negatively correlated with that of the not-distracting subscale of the MAIA. These results suggested that interoception did not differ among the athletes who had long-term training, which enabled them to acquire multi-modal sensorimotor integration, compared to that of non-athlete control participants. We conclude that interoception did not differ among athletes who had long-term training compared to that of non-athlete control participants.

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“…While preliminary, the specific reference data provide a valuable benchmark for further comparison of elite athlete patterns ( Del Percio et al, 2007 ; Taliep and John, 2014 ; Sato et al, 2020 ). For example, elite ice-hockey performance requires speeded sensory-perceptual, attention, and cognitive processing, which can be benchmarked in terms of brain vital signs responses against the norms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A systematic review by Conley et al (2018) found that most EEG studies investigating concussion examined differences between groups of concussed vs. healthy athletes, rather than before and after suspected concussion ( Conley et al, 2018 ). However, several studies have shown that specific factors, which differ for athletes, may affect their EEG results relative to healthy populations of non-athletes ( Del Percio et al, 2007 ; Eckner et al, 2016 ; Sato et al, 2020 ). A key question for the practical implementation of brain vital signs, or any quantitative EEG procedure, is therefore whether specific norms differ significantly from general norms?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Vital Signs in Elite Ice Hockey: Towards Characterizing Objective and Specific Neurophysiological Reference Values for Concussion Management

et al. 2021

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Background: Prior concussion studies have shown that objective neurophysiological measures are sensitive to detecting concussive and subconcussive impairments in youth ice-hockey. These studies monitored brain vital signs at rink-side using a within-subjects design to demonstrate significant changes from pre-season baseline scans. However, practical clinical implementation must overcome inherent challenges related to any dependence on a baseline. This requires establishing the start of normative reference data sets.Methods: The current study collected specific reference data for N = 58 elite, youth, male ice-hockey players and compared these with a general reference dataset from N = 135 of males and females across the lifespan. The elite hockey players were recruited to a select training camp through CAA Hockey, a management agency for players drafted to leagues such as the National Hockey League (NHL). The statistical analysis included a test-retest comparison to establish reliability, and a multivariate analysis of covariance to evaluate differences in brain vital signs between groups with age as a covariate.Findings: Test-retest assessments for brain vital signs evoked potentials showed moderate-to-good reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.7, Intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.5) in five out of six measures. The multivariate analysis of covariance showed no overall effect for group (p = 0.105), and a significant effect of age as a covariate was observed (p < 0.001). Adjusting for the effect of age, a significant difference was observed in the measure of N100 latency (p = 0.022) between elite hockey players and the heterogeneous control group.Interpretation: The findings support the concept that normative physiological data can be used in brain vital signs evaluation in athletes, and should additionally be stratified for age, skill level, and experience. These can be combined with general norms and/or individual baseline assessments where appropriate and/or possible. The current results allow for brain vital sign evaluation independent of baseline assessment, therefore enabling objective neurophysiological evaluation of concussion management and cognitive performance optimization in ice-hockey.

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Elite competitive swimmers exhibit higher motor cortical inhibition and superior sensorimotor skills in a water environment

Cited by 7 publications

References 61 publications

Is the Focal Muscle Vibration an Effective Motor Conditioning Intervention? A Systematic Review

Is the Focal Muscle Vibration an Effective Motor Conditioning Intervention? A Systematic Review

Does Long-Term Training in a Water Immersion Environment Change Interoception?

Brain Vital Signs in Elite Ice Hockey: Towards Characterizing Objective and Specific Neurophysiological Reference Values for Concussion Management

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