Elite Quality Report 2021. Country Scores and Global Rankings

Klett, Tomas Casas i; Cozzi, Guido

doi:10.33058/seismo.30781

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Some of this research indicates that factors related to education and information access will ease tensions because people can understand how elites in their societies are constituted. This may allow people to participate in wealth creation or understand why they are apparently barred from doing so, potentially driving growth mechanisms and easing economically induced frustrations (Casas i Klett & Cozzi, 2021; Mathisen & Arnulf, 2013). On the other hand, a propensity for biased thinking may lend itself to conspiracy theories (CTs) that propagate easily with high potential for social unrest, but that may do little to ameliorate the underlying causes themselves (Kofta et al, 2020; Rakopoulos, 2018).…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mere number of billionaires in a society may also be subject to further analysis in terms of causes and beneficiaries. The global “Elite Quality Index” (Casas & Cozzi, 2022; Casas i Klett & Cozzi, 2021) differs between the total numbers of billionaires, self-made billionaires, and proportion of women billionaires in the economy to weight measures of mobility and opportunities with rent-seeking from old elites. As shown by social identity theory, the public will be interested in information that allows comparisons between groups of people to gain impressions of equity.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of wealth has come under increasing scrutiny as the main driver of social unrest and political upheaval, recognized by many Western political think tanks such as the World Economic Forum (Global Risks Report, 2016) as well as in applied and academic research (e.g., Evans et al, 2017; Lee et al, 2013; Piketty, 2014). While there exist a number of attempts at indexing and computing the correspondence between economic distribution and unrest, there also seems to be wide national, cultural, and temporal factors determining this relationship (Casas i Klett & Cozzi, 2021; Jetten et al, 2021; Murshed et al, 2018). Clearly, the information about the economic distribution of wealth is filtered through people’s perceptions and tacit assumptions about the underlying mechanisms before giving rise to protests or other social reactions.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All societies have elites that serve as gatekeepers of value and wealth creation. These elites can be seen as beneficial (creating value-making the pie bigger for everyone) or as extracting value, as in rent-seeking, zero-sum games to no benefit of others (Casas i Klett & Cozzi, 2021). It is itself a research task to identify and understand these elites, but the very rich stand out as both part of, as well as beneficiaries of these elites.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Explanations for the sources of wealth: It is not a just world.

Arnulf¹,

Robinson²,

Furnham³

2022

Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

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Five hundred participants indicated the extent to which they thought very wealthy people had become rich from four routes: three by personal effort (executive, investor, entrepreneur) and one by inheritance. These ratings were correlated with their demography (sex, age), ideology (religious and political beliefs), self-ratings, intelligence (IQ) as well as their beliefs in a just world (BJW), and their endorsement of conspiracy theories. It appears that most people are aware of the importance that agentic sources of wealth play, favoring entrepreneurship as the main pathway to extreme wealth. However, BJW seems to come in two versions: A “bright side version” indicating a belief that hard work and persistence will prevail, and another pathway linking agentic outcomes to theories of conspiracy. Intelligence appears to play an important role in this, but closer scrutiny suggests that IQ mainly serves to moderate conspiracy beliefs. Consequences for conspiracy beliefs and social unrest are discussed.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Explanations for the sources of wealth: It is not a just world.

Arnulf¹,

Robinson²,

Furnham³

2022

Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

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How Meaningful is the Elite Quality Index Ranking?

Diebold

2022

Soc Indic Res

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The Elite Quality Index (EQx) attempts to measure the propensity of elites—on aggregate—to create value, rather than to rent seek. The index has attracted worldwide media and press attention. In their articles, journalists have based their analyses primarily on their own countries’ position in the EQx ranking. But how meaningful is the EQx ranking? How do the uncertainties underlying some of the assumptions made in the index propagate to the country rankings? We conduct a global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis (UA and SA) of the EQx and compute Sobol’ first and total order sensitivity indices using state of the art estimators, in order to scrutinise the implications of index assumptions and assess the reliability of the EQx ranking. The UA suggests that the EQx ranking of 2021 (EQx2021) is largely stable for the top 50 countries, but exhibits considerable uncertainties especially for middle and lower performing countries. The SA highlights the handling of missing data, the normalisation process and the weighting scheme as most important methodological choices, while the largest potential for improvement is observed in how raw missing indicator data is handled.

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Political Extremism in Modern Democratic Transformations

Svoboda¹,

Новакова

Balatska

et al. 2021

Cuest. Pol.

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Modern political transformations involve free choice of ideology, ability to communicate with society and maintenance of their political preferences. Political struggle often leads to radical action and political extremism. The aim of this study involved an analysis of political extremism that occurs in modern democracies, and identification of the main factors underlying the development of political extremism. The determinants of the political stability/extremism are analysed based on the algorithm of hierarchical clustering. It is proved that 26 European countries studied in the work can be grouped into four clusters, which are characterised by the number of parties of extremist ideology in the national parliaments of European countries; Elite Quality Index (EQx); the Freedom in the World Index; Political Stability and Absence of Violence Index, which is part of The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). It is revealed that today ideological trends of authoritarian populism, conservatism and extremism are spreading in European countries. Cluster analysis has shown that the political extremism is influenced by the level of quality of national elites, the development of fundamental rights and freedoms, the political stability, and the absence of violence. Further research should focus on econometric simulation of factors shaping political extremism through economic development indicators.

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Elite Quality Report 2021. Country Scores and Global Rankings

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Explanations for the sources of wealth: It is not a just world.

Explanations for the sources of wealth: It is not a just world.

How Meaningful is the Elite Quality Index Ranking?

Political Extremism in Modern Democratic Transformations

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