Elliptic Flow: Transition from Out-of-Plane to In-Plane Emission in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mml:mi><mml:mspace /><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mspace /><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mml:mi></mml:math>Collisions

Pinkenburg, C.; Ajitanand, N. N.; Alexander, J.; Anderson, M.; Best, D.; Brady, F.P.; Case, T.; Caskey, W.; Cebra, D.; Chance, J. L.; Chung, P.; Cole, B.; Crowe, K.; Das, A.; Draper, J. E.; Elmaani, A.; Gilkes, M. L.; Gushue, S.; Heffner, M.; Hirsch, A.; Hjort, E.; Huo, L.; Justice, M.; Kaplan, M.; Keane, D.; Kintner, J. C.; Klay, J. L.; Krofcheck, D.; Lacey, R.; Lauret, J.; Law, C.; Lisa, M. A.; Liu, H.; Liu, Y. M.; McGrath, Robert; Milosevich, Z.; Odyniec, G.; Olson, D.; Panitkin, S.; Porile, N.; Rai, G.; Ritter, H. G.; Romero, J. L.; Scharenberg, R. P.; Schroeder, L. S.; Srivastava, B.; Stone, N. T. B.; Symons, T. J. M.; Whitfield, J.; Wienold, T.; Witt, R.; Wood, L.; Zhang, W. N.; Danielewicz, P.; Gossiaux, Pol Bernard

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.83.1295

Cited by 213 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The study should be extended to high transverse momenta, which requires increasing statistics within simulations. Moreover, investigations could be extended down [45] and up [46] in the beam energy. The first-order flow, when analyzed in a similar manner to the second-order, is likely to contain a comparable amount of information [10,11,47,12,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[49] where, in the simulations for AGS energies, the baryon optical potential is put to zero above a cutoff momentum. This should lead to a discontinuity in the potential growing with density and likely generate effects similar to a phase transition that one looks for in that energy regime [46]. Notably, at high incident energies, even in midperipheral collisions, the matter is dominated by resonances, so investigations of proton flow are likely to mix information on the potential felt by nucleons with that felt by baryon resonances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the mean-field momentum-dependence using elliptic flow

2000

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Midrapidity nucleon elliptic flow is studied within the Boltzmann-equation simulations of symmetric heavy-ion collisions. The simulations follow a lattice Hamiltonian extended to relativistic transport. It is demonstrated that in the peripheral heavy-ion collisions the high-momentum elliptic flow is strongly sensitive to the momentum dependence of mean field at supranormal densities. The high transverse-momentum particles are directly and exclusively emitted from the high-density zone in the collisions, while remaining particles primarily continue along the beam axis. The elliptic flow was measured by the KaoS Collaboration as a function of the transverse momentum at a number of impact parameters in Bi + Bi collisions at 400, 700, and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The observed elliptic anisotropies in peripheral collisions, which quickly rise with momentum, can only be explained in simulations when assuming a strong momentum dependence of nucleonic mean field. This momentum dependence must strengthen with the rise of density above normal. The mean-field parametrizations, which describe the data in simulations with various success, are confronted with mean fields from microscopic nuclearmatter calculations. Two of the microscopic potentials in the comparisons have unacceptably weak momentum-dependencies at supranormal densities. The optical potentials from the Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations, on the other hand, together with the UV14 + TNI potential from variational calculations, agree rather well within the region of sensitivity with the parametrized potentials that best describe the data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the mean-field momentum-dependence using elliptic flow

2000

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“…The recent measurement of the squeeze-out excitation function between 2 and 8 GeV/nucleon may offer a new approach for studying the nuclear equation of state [226,214,110].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The E895 collaboration has also measured an elliptic flow excitation function indicating a transition from out-of-plane enhancement (i.e. squeeze-out) to in-plane enhancement around 5 GeV/nucleon [226].…”

Section: Experimental Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in high energy heavy-ion collisions: a critical review

Bass

Gyulassy

Stöcker

et al. 1999

J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.

280

223

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A critical review on signatures of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation is given and the current (1998) experimental status is discussed. After giving an introduction to the properties of QCD matter in both, equilibrium and non-equilibrium theories, we focus on observables which may yield experimental evidence for QGP formation. For each individual observable the discussion is divided into three sections: first the connection between the respective observable and QGP formation in terms of the underlying theoretical concepts is given, then the relevant experimental results are reviewed and finally the current status concerning the interpretation of both, theory and experiment, is discussed. A comprehensive summary including an outlook towards RHIC is given in the final section.

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“…Recently, both the directed transverse flow (sideward flow) and the flow tensor (elliptic flow) have been measured and reported in Refs. [7] - [9], [13] - [17] for heavy-ion (Au + Au) collisions in the incident energy range of 1A GeV ≤ E inc ≤ 11A GeV. In this energy range the directed transverse flow first grows, saturates at around 2 A GeV and then decreases experimentally with energy showing no minimum as expected from hydrodynamical calculations including a first order phase transition in the EoS [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Baryon flow from SIS to AGS energies

et al. 2000

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We analyze the baryon sideward and elliptic flow from SIS (0.25 $\sim$ 2 A GeV) to AGS (2 $\sim 11.0A$GeV) energies for Au + Au collisions in the relativistic transport model RBUU that includes all baryon resonances up to a mass of 2 GeV as well as string degrees of freedom for the higher mass continuum. There are two factors which dominantly determine the baryon flow at these energies: the momentum dependence of the scalar and vector potentials and the resonance-string degrees of freedom. We fix the explicit momentum dependence of the nucleon-meson couplings within the NL3 parameter set by the nucleon optical potential up to 1 GeV of kinetic energy. When assuming the optical potential to vanish identically for $E_{kin} \geq 3.5$ GeV we simultaneously reproduce the sideward flow data of the FOPI, EOS, E895 and E877 collaborations, the elliptic flow data of the EOS, E895 and E877 collaborations, and approximately the rapidity and transverse mass distribution of protons at AGS energies. The gradual change from hadronic to string degrees of freedom with increasing bombarding energy can be viewed as a transition from {\it hadronic} to {\it string} matter, i.e. a dissolution of hadrons.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, corrected the figures and the tex

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Elliptic Flow: Transition from Out-of-Plane to In-Plane Emission inAu+AuCollisions

Cited by 213 publications

References 20 publications

Determination of the mean-field momentum-dependence using elliptic flow

Determination of the mean-field momentum-dependence using elliptic flow

Signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in high energy heavy-ion collisions: a critical review

Baryon flow from SIS to AGS energies

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