Elucidating reasons of COVID-19 re-infection and its management strategies

Jain, Vijay Kumar; Iyengar, Karthikeyan P; Garg, Rakesh; Vaishya, Raju

doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.008

Cited by 43 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…6 , 7 Multiple reasons have been posited for reinfection among HCWs, including persistent occupational exposure; waning natural immunity over time; insufficient seroconversion during a first, milder episode; pandemic fatigue with laxity in personal protection and/or COVID-appropriate behavior; and, possibly, immune escape due to new variants. 8 Emergency use authorization was awarded to inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 (Bharat Biotech Ltd), which is produced in India; this was used in the initial launch of a vaccination program against COVID-19 for HCWs that began on January 16, 2021. 9 This vaccine requires refrigeration storage at 2 to 8 °C and is available in multidose vials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

et al. 2022

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IMPORTANCE A surge of COVID-19 occurred from March to June 2021, in New Delhi, India, linked to the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out for health care workers (HCWs) starting in January 2021. OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence density of reinfection among a cohort of HCWs and estimate the effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective cohort study among HCWs working at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India.EXPOSURES Vaccination with 0, 1, or 2 doses of BBV152. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe HCWs were categorized as fully vaccinated (with 2 doses and Ն15 days after the second dose), partially vaccinated (with 1 dose or 2 doses with <15 days after the second dose), or unvaccinated. The incidence density of COVID-19 reinfection per 100 personyears was computed, and events from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, were included for analysis.Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Estimated vaccine effectiveness (1 − adjusted HR) was reported. RESULTS Among 15 244 HCWs who participated in the study, 4978 (32.7%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. The mean (SD) age was 36.6 (10.3) years, and 55.0% were male. The reinfection incidence density was 7.26 (95% CI: 6.09-8.66) per 100 person-years (124 HCWs [2.5%], total person follow-up period of 1696 person-years as time at risk). Fully vaccinated HCWs had lower risk of reinfection (HR, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.08-0.23]), symptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.13 [95% CI, 0.07-0.24]), and asymptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.16 [95% CI, 0.05-0.53]) compared with unvaccinated HCWs.Accordingly, among the 3 vaccine categories, reinfection was observed in 60 of 472 (12.7%) of unvaccinated (incidence density, 18.05 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 14.02-23.25), 39 of 356 (11.0%) of partially vaccinated (incidence density 15.62 per 100 person-years; 95% CI,, and 17 of 1089 (1.6%) fully vaccinated (incidence density 2.18 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 1.35-3.51) HCWs. The estimated effectiveness of BBV152 against reinfection was 86% (95% CI, 77%-92%); symptomatic reinfection, 87% (95% CI, 76%-93%); and asymptomatic reinfection, 84% (95% CI, 47%-95%) among fully vaccinated HCWs. Partial vaccination was not associated with reduced risk of reinfection. (continued) Key Points Question What are the rate of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 among a cohort of health care workers (HCWs) and the estimated effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection? Findings In this cohort study of 4978 HCWs who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, the incidence density of reinfection was 7.26 per 100 personyears. A protective association of 86% against reinfection was observed among HCWs who completed the 2-dose schedule of BBV152 and for whom at least 15 days elapsed without reinfection after vaccination. Meaning The results of this study suggest that complete vaccination with BBV152 amo...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

et al. 2022

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“…Mutation, Variants of Concern (VOC) and Vaccine escape : Recently, Variants of Concern (VOC) B.1.617.2 strain has drawn attention and seems to be one of the main reasons of second wave in India. It has two mutations (L452R and E484Q) that have been related to increased transmissibility and an ability to evade immune defense system [ [20] , [21] , [22] ]. ICMR data suggests both Covishield and Covaxin appear to be only half effective in producing antibodies against the B.1.617 strain of SARS-CoV-2 [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Challenging Vaccination Drive and Coverage: The GOI vaccination drive initiative has been challenging due to the population coverage needed for an effective control of COVID-19 with incomplete immunity in partially immunized individuals at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The situation India is also hampered due vaccine hesitancy, mutant strains, and availability of sufficient vaccines [ 3 , 22 ]. 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating causes of COVID-19 infection and related deaths after vaccination

Jain

Iyengar

Ish

2021

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

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Background and aims Symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection has been reported in vaccination. In the current article, we try to elucidate various causes behind COVID-19 infection and mortality following COVID-19 vaccination and suggest possible strategies to counteract this threat. Methods We carried out a comprehensive review of the literature using suitable keywords such as ‘COVID-19’, ‘Pandemics’, ‘Vaccines’, ‘Mortality’, ‘deaths’, ‘infections’, and ‘India’ on the search engines of PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate in from January to May 2021. Epidemiology, risk factors, Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) and mortality after COVID-19 vaccination were assessed. Results A number of factors have been associated with symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection reported after vaccination. A high viral load, comorbidities, mutant strains, Variants of Concern (VOC) leading to Vaccine escape and casual attitude towards COVID Appropriate Behaviors appear to be the most important factors for infection and deaths after COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusions COVID-19 Infection and mortality after COVID-19 vaccination are of great concern. Application of COVID Appropriate Behaviour (CAB) before and after vaccination is essential for the population. Effective Vaccines against mutant strains and enhanced vaccination drive are key strategies to avoid this quintessential threat. Early medical intervention in high-risk groups can prevent overall mortality.

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“…To the 4 VOCs, 6 different variants of interest (VOIs) are currently under investigation. These variants might contribute in a faster transmission of the virus [3], mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 are also found to be mostly responsible for COVID-19 reinfection [4]. Although several actions can be put in place, two major solution will allow to deal with the pandemic, first by reducing the morbidity and the symptoms, and secondly simply by reducing the risk of being infected by the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Normal speaking [5] or coughing [6] can generate droplets and aerosol containing the virus, thus leading the respiratory virus transmission. While personal protection devices such as face masks are effective toward the spread of droplets, for example, a fluid-resistant (Type-IIR) surgical facemask is expected to reduce the droplet dispersion by at least 80% [4][5][6], contamination of surfaces [7], water and air must also be prevented to minimize the spread of the virus. Thus, it is important, in antimicrobial field, to distinguish sterilization from sanitization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV-Based Technologies for SARS-CoV2 Inactivation: Status and Perspectives

et al. 2021

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of COVID-19, which has affected the international healthcare systems since the beginning of 2020. Among sanitizing approaches, UV irradiation is a well-known technology often used in different environments to reduce the microbial contamination and the viral transmission. In particular, several works have demonstrated that UVC radiation is able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 compromising its viral genome and virion integrity. With this work we review and analyze the current status of the pandemic and the state of the art of the UV technology. With traditional UVC discharge lamps having a serious environmental issue, due to their working principle based on mercury, a primary focus is shifted on the aluminum gallium nitride based deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes. These devices are exploited for compact and environmentally friendly disinfection systems, but efficiency and reliability still play a limiting role into their mass market adoption and system efficacy. In this work we then analyze the latest reports on the effects of dose and wavelength on viral inactivation, thus providing two key pillars for the development of UVC based disinfection systems: the status of the technology and a quantitative evaluation of the dose required to achieve an effective coronavirus inactivation.

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Elucidating reasons of COVID-19 re-infection and its management strategies

Cited by 43 publications

References 32 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

Elucidating causes of COVID-19 infection and related deaths after vaccination

UV-Based Technologies for SARS-CoV2 Inactivation: Status and Perspectives

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