Nanoparticles are of increasing interest and concern as they become more widely used in consumer products, industry and medicine. Nanoparticles differ from their ‘bulk’ materials in physiochemical properties, creating interest and further applications. In addition to being engineered, humans are constantly exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) through ambient air pollution. There is a need for toxicological assessment of these particles as humans come into contact with them every day. The toxicological mechanism and biological fate of these particles are not well known. Findings in the fields of genotoxicity and epigenetics shed light on potential mechanisms for adverse human health effects when exposed to these particles. There is still much work to be done in order to properly assess the risk of NP exposure.
Key Concepts:
Nanoparticles have different inherent physiochemical properties from bulk materials of the same composition.
Studies show that nanoparticles at smaller dimensions induce stronger toxic effects than the same particles at larger dimensions
Oxidative stress is increased when exposed to nanoparticles, more free radicals will cause more cellular and DNA damage.
Nanoparticles are being investigated for use in clinical settings, specifically diagnostic procedures and drug delivery.
Epigenetic modifications are those in which there is no genetic mutation or DNA damage present.
Nanoparticles will be constituents of ambient particulate matter, therefore, all life is exposed to varying amounts of nanoparticles daily.
Government organisations are working to increase research and development involving nanoparticles in order to better understand their mechanisms of action.