Elucidating white-etching matter through high-strain rate tensile testing

Solano-Alvarez, W.; Duff, Jonathan; Smith, Marcus; Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.

doi:10.1080/02670836.2016.1195981

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…24 Then, these butterfly cracks eventually link up into large networks that lead to failure. 25,26 This mechanism is referred to as "white structure flaking." 23,27 It is worth noting that the white-etching matter (WEM) that causes the greatest damage is that which is harder than the surrounding matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the material in the vicinity of the cracks changes into the so‐called white‐etching region that is a consequence of severe localized mechanical mixing of the microstructural constituents 24 . Then, these butterfly cracks eventually link up into large networks that lead to failure 25,26 . This mechanism is referred to as “white structure flaking.” 23,27 It is worth noting that the white‐etching matter (WEM) that causes the greatest damage is that which is harder than the surrounding matrix 28,29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Interior crack initiation during the very‐high‐cycle fatigue of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading

Liu

Gao

et al. 2022

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper, a comparative study of the very‐high‐cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading was conducted. Fatigue tests were performed with an ultrasonic fatigue test machine under axial loading, and the fracture surfaces from the fatigue tests and shattered rims taken from the failed railway wheels were observed. The wheel steel under axial loading presents a VHCF behavior with Mode I crack, and that under rolling contact loading is a VHCF behavior with mix Mode II–III crack. For the VHCF behavior with Mode I crack, surface and interior crack initiation occurred with equal probability at both low and high stress levels and produced a dual linear S–N curve since the value of fatigue limits for the surface and interior crack initiation are close. For the VHCF behavior with mix Mode II–III crack, cracks were initiated from the interior Al2O3 inclusion, and the fatigue life was beyond 107 cycles. Fatigue bands were observed on the fracture surface under rolling contact loading. The ferrite nanograins formed due to the stress state of shear plastic strain with a large compressive stress. The formed nanograins were softer than the matrix caused by the redistribution of the carbon.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interior crack initiation during the very‐high‐cycle fatigue of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading

Liu

Gao

et al. 2022

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The localisation of strain has been found to be strongly reliant on crack orientation in relation to stress [63]. High strain rate compressive tests have shown regions of WEA [64], this being in comparison with equivalent tensile tests; as a result it is proposed that crack rubbing/beating under RCF shear stresses or compressive loading results in WEA formations and thus adiabatic shearing is an unlikely cause [65]. The crack width also appears to influence WEA formations.…”

Section: Wea Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of White Etching Cracks (WECs) in Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The formation of white etching cracks (WECs) in steel rolling element bearings can lead to the premature rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failure mode called white structure flaking. Driving mechanisms are still debated but are proposed to be combinations of mechanical, tribochemical and electrical effects. A number of studies have been conducted to record and map WECs in RCF-tested samples and bearings failed from the field. For the first time, this study uses serial sectioning metallography techniques on non-hydrogen charged test samples over a range of test durations to capture the evolution of WEC formation from their initiation to final flaking. Clear evidence for subsurface initiation at non-metallic inclusions was observed at the early stages of WEC formation, and with increasing test duration the propagation of these cracks from the subsurface region to the contact surface eventually causing flaking. In addition, an increase in the amount of associated microstructural changes adjacent to the cracks is observed, this being indicative of the crack being a prerequisite of the microstructural alteration.

show abstract

“…It was suggested that WEA could be generated by crack faces friction-induced plastic deformation. 17,19,20,25 The mechanism highlights the crack formation prior to the WEA. However, it is unable to explain why the WEA is only present on one side at the interface between the WEA and matrix, as displayed in Figure 5A,B.…”

Section: Crack Formation In Weamentioning

confidence: 99%

White etching area damage induced by shear localization in rolling contact fatigue of bearing steel

Chen,

Xie,

et al. 2023

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

White etching area (WEA) is a primary damage in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of bearing steels. In spite of extensive investigations, there is a large discrepancy in the existing mechanisms of WEA formation. We attempt to unify the mechanisms from the perspective of shear localization and plastic damage accumulation based on ductile damage. RCF tests were conducted to generate WEAs with various microstructures and compositions. A thermodynamically consistent model of the ductile damage evolution from an inclusion was established by developing the phase field damage coupled with the crystal elastic‐viscoplastic constitutive relationship under RCF. The model was implemented into the FE framework through a user materials subroutine. The results indicated that the WEA is the shear band resulting from shear localization. The large inhomogeneity and scatter in WEA's microstructure are due to the influence of the crystal orientation. The development and orientation of SBs predicted by the model and the experimental observation of the WEA are in good agreement. The large micro‐shear strain in the WEA provides the driving force for mechanically controlled austenite phase transformation. The shear band center, which has the largest strain and the least stress, is where cracks initiate. This demonstrates that contrary to earlier reports that WEA is induced by previously formed crack faces friction, cracks actually initiate from the interior of the WEA.

show abstract

Elucidating white-etching matter through high-strain rate tensile testing

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Interior crack initiation during the very‐high‐cycle fatigue of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading

Interior crack initiation during the very‐high‐cycle fatigue of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading

The Evolution of White Etching Cracks (WECs) in Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

White etching area damage induced by shear localization in rolling contact fatigue of bearing steel

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About