Elucidation of lid open and orientation of lipase activated in interfacial activation by amphiphilic environment

Novozym 435: the “perfect” lipase immobilized biocatalyst?

“…107 This mechanism is based on the existence of a large hydrophobic pocket surrounding the active center. [108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115] An enzyme molecule with this large hydrophobic pocket will be very unstable and will have low solubility in aqueous media. However, this problem is avoided because this hydrophobic pocket it is covered by a polypeptide chain called lid, which generally isolates the active center from the reaction medium (in this "closed" form, the lipase is inactive).…”

“…The lid also has an internal hydrophobic face that interacts with the hydrophobic areas of the active center and a hydrophilic external face, which interacts with the reaction medium. [108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115] This lid can move, and when it is shifted, it forms a huge hydrophobic pocket exposing the active center to the medium, resulting in the "open" and active form of the lipase, with the hydrophilic phase of the lid interacting with the protein surface. Both conformational lipase forms are in equilibrium, but in the presence of oil drops, the open form becomes adsorbed on the hydrophobic surface of the drops, shifting the conformational equilibrium towards the open form of the lipase and permitting the attack of the glycerides by the enzyme [108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115] (Fig.…”

Lecitase ultra: A phospholipase with great potential in biocatalysis

“…Most lipases present their active center isolated from the medium by a polypeptide chain called lid. The internal face of the lid is hydrophobic and interacts with the hydrophobic surroundings of the active center [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. This "closed" form is in equilibrium with an "open" form of the lipase that is the active one, where the lid is shifted and exposes the active center.…”

“…This "closed" form is in equilibrium with an "open" form of the lipase that is the active one, where the lid is shifted and exposes the active center. However, the large hydrophobic pocket is unstable under these conditions and the enzyme is mainly in the closed form in saline aqueous homogenous media [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. In the presence of a hydrophobic surface, like drops of oil, this lipase form may be adsorbed and stabilized, and for this reason they can operate at the interface of the oil drops [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84].…”

The Hitchhiker's guide to biocatalysis: recent advances in the use of enzymes in organic synthesis

“…lipid activated lids to the active site of lipases, also help dene substrate type. 34 These structures endow enzymes with exquisite chemo-, regio-and most importantly stereo-selectivity. 35 Engineering of these channels is a developing area of research.…”