Elution study of acrylic monomers from orthodontic materials using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Abstract

Purpose Main goal of the study was the identification and quantitative analysis of monomer elution from materials commonly used in fixed orthodontic therapy. Studies have shown severe health effects of monomers including cytotoxic, allergenic or mutagenic potential and endocrine changes. This in vitro study focusses primarily on five resins which are usually processed intraorally and remain in the oral cavity long-term. Methods We tested the elution of monomers from specimens (7.5 mm × 1.5 mm) immersed in artificial saliva at body temperature (37 °C) for 30 min to 5 weeks. The used method is in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10993-13. The five tested materials were BrackFix® (Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), Triad®Gel (DeguDent GmbH, Hanau, Germany), and Transbond™ XT, LR and Plus (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). All aliquots were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were statistically analyzed. Results All five analyzed materials eluted substances over a period of 5 weeks. Identified substances included bisphenol A (BPA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA). BPA eluted from Transbond™ Plus, XT, LR and BrackFix®. The cumulated mean values after 35 days ranged from 16.04 to 64.83 ppm, depending on the material. TEGDMA eluted with a mean of 688.61 ppm from Transbond™ LR. UDMA with a mean of 1682.00 ppm from Triad®Gel. For each material the highest concentrations of all these substances were found in the first elution period. Other substances that were not equivocally identified or of low concentration also eluted. Conclusion Using the described method, it is possible to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the in vitro elution of monomers from orthodontic materials. The concentrations of the substances identified were below the current maximum recommended intake. However, a cumulative effect and low-dose effects should be considered for both patients and dental professionals, especially for young patients. Measures to reduce exposure patients and practitioners are suggested.

Protective Effect of Rutin on Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate-Induced Toxicity through the Inhibition of Caspase Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Macrophages

“…Through macrophage cytotoxicity and peripheral tissue damage, these mediators cause serious and sometimes even fatal diseases, such as sepsis, infection, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer [ 27 ]. As a resin monomer, TEGDMA is widely used in restorative resins and binding reagents after light-curing polymerization [ 10 , 11 , 28 ]. However, TEGDMA is released form polymeric materials, and it induces cytotoxicity in macrophages, pulp cells, odontoblast-like cells, and gingival fibroblasts [ 12 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…Polymeric biomaterials have been widely used in the fields of odontology and orthopedics as restorative resins, dentin bonding agents and sealants, and bone cement components. For polymeric biomaterials, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is the most commonly used monomer [ 10 , 11 ]. After polymerization, the residual monomer released from TEGDMA-based polymeric biomaterials causes injury to peripheral tissues or cells [ 12 ].…”

Analysis of shrinkage stresses arising during polymerization of orthodontic adhesive systems

“…Orthodontic adhesive systems, which constitute a chemically heterogeneous group of materials, are used in the oral cavity environment, where they are exposed to variable temperature, pH, occlusal or orthodontic forces. Available literature includes studies devoted to the problem of potential biological impact on the human body of substances released in the process of degradation of composite materials [37][38][39][40][41]. Emission of bisphenol A [42] is particularly interesting -a monomer showing parahormonal activity, the potential harmful effect of which on organisms of mammals, especially in early stages of development, is confirmed in literature [43][44][45].…”