EM gun firings at the Kirkcudbright 32 MJ facility

Haugh, D.

doi:10.1049/ic:19950285

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“…20 Despite its wide use for the analysis of liquid-phase mixtures, NMR spectroscopy has been used to analyze gas-phase mixtures in only a few cases. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Of those, only one study tested the accuracy of the method with a well-defined gas mixture, 23 and that study was also the only one that reported measurement uncertainties for the NMR analysis. In that work, a gravimetrically prepared, 10-component natural gas surrogate (with light hydrocarbons ranging from methane to hexane, as well as CO 2 ) was analyzed.…”

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Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

et al. 2019

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1 H NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze gas-phase mixtures of methane and propane at pressures near 0.1 MPa. The mixtures were prepared gravimetrically and had low uncertainty in their composition. The primary mixture used for this work had a methane mole fraction of x methane,grav = (0.506875 ± 0.00019) and a propane mole fraction of x propane,grav = (0.493125 ± 0.00019). NMR samples were prepared in two types of commercially available sample tubes that seal with a PTFE piston. Sample pressures ranged from 0.02 to 0.5 MPa. An analysis of measurement uncertainty for the NMR method resulted in combined standard uncertainties that decreased from 0.0082x to 0.0010x, as the pressure increased from 0.02 to 0.5 MPa. The larger uncertainties at lower pressures were primarily caused by uncertainties associated with phasing and baseline correction. A key difficulty in working with gas-phase samples, especially at lower pressures, is that the spectral peaks are inherently broad. Consequently, peak overlap was problematic, and it was not always possible to integrate a high percentage of a peak's intensity. However, with corrections to the integrated areas, based on the assumption of ideal Lorentzian peak shapes, excellent agreement between the NMR analyses and the gravimetric composition was observed across the entire pressure range. These experiments demonstrate the potential of 1 H NMR for quantitative composition determinations of low-pressure gas-phase mixtures.

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Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

et al. 2019

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“…Most importantly, DRA commissioned a 32-MJ capacitor bank at the tank test range in Kirkcudbright, Scotland, in July 1993 (Haugh et al, 1994). Two large-bore (90-mm) railguns, provided by the United States (built by Sparta and IN), are part of this facility, together with a 40-mm laminated barrel built by DRA.…”

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Non-US electrodynamic launchers research and development

Parker¹,

Batteh²,

Greig³

et al. 1994

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EM gun firings at the Kirkcudbright 32 MJ facility

Cited by 2 publications

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Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

Non-US electrodynamic launchers research and development

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EM gun firings at the Kirkcudbright 32 MJ facility

Cited by 2 publications

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Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

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Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

Composition Determination of Low-Pressure Gas-Phase Mixtures by ¹H NMR Spectroscopy