EM-Wave Biosensors: A Review of RF, Microwave, mm-Wave and Optical Sensing

Mehrotra, Parikha; Chatterjee, Baibhab; Sen, Shreyas

doi:10.3390/s19051013

Cited by 159 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 143 publications

(214 reference statements)

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“…Generally, passive sensors operating in RFid frequency bands require a large area and/or integrated microelectronic circuits (possessing a large coupling capacitance) to achieve low operating frequencies. BC‐SRR can be fabricated to be electrically small in comparison to other resonator geometries 25–27. This is due to large capacitances generated by the broad‐side coupling of metallic layers.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐Functional Hydrogel‐Interlayer RF/NFC Resonators as a Versatile Platform for Passive and Wireless Biosensing

Dautta

Alshetaiwi

Escobar

et al. 2020

Adv Elect Materials

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modalities have been investigated to transduce physical or analytical, biologically derived signals. Among these include electrochemical (amperometric, impedance, voltaic), [10,11] electrical, [12] optical, [8] piezoelectric, [13] radio-frequency (RF), [3,14] mechanical, [15] plasmonic, [16] and fluorescence/colometric [17] modalities. While such techniques have found numerous roles in various modern applications, many of these approaches possess limitations in sample preparation, power consumption, system size/weight, microelectronics requirements, and/or lack true wireless operation. These limitations complicate their implementation in many emerging applications, such as implantable sensing.Dielectric sensors are a sensor class that typically monitors analyte via permittivity shifts in the environment ("labelfree" biosensors). These can be built into RF formats via structuring in the form of an antenna/resonator. In such RF sensors, permittivity shifts in the environment modulates the capacitance of the construct. This in-turn changes the spectral response of the sensor (via a shift in the magnitude and/or resonant frequency). Such shifts can be readout remotely via inductive coupling with a reader/ readout coil, wherein sensor information will be manifested in the reflection coefficient of this readout coil. RF sensors possess many aspects that make them an ideal platform for sensing-they are biocompatible, possess native wireless operation, are typically nondegradative, and are structurally robust. These sensors have seen a measure of success as pressure sensors (wherein sensors are sealed from the liquid environment), [3,18] yet these sensors have seen limited success operating as analytical sensors in practical modern systems beyond proof-of-concept. [19][20][21] We recently demonstrated a compact, modern iteration of the traditional RF sensor, termed an interlayer-RF resonator. [22] In a typical RF sensor, a capacitor and an inductor are fabricated in separate regions and electrically connected to form a resonant circuit. [23] Instead, our constructs utilize a broad-side coupled (BC), split-ring/multi-turn resonator architecture, [24] wherein planar coils are interceded by a multifunctional interlayer (Figure 1a). They perform favorably in comparison to sensors based on split-ring resonator (SRR), [25] complementarycoupled SRR, [26] and patch antenna architectures. [27] This is due Wearable sensors promise to transform human understanding of body state. However, despite many wearable sensor modalities that exist, few demonstrate the raw capabilities required for many emerging healthcare applications-passivity (and microelectronics-free), wireless readout, long-term operation, and specificity. Hydrogel-interlayer radio-frequency resonators are demonstrated as a versatile platform for passive and wireless biosensing. Fabricated using a simple vinyl cutter, the base resonator is composed of unanchored, broad-side coupled coils interceded by multifunctional hydrogels-such resonators are tuned to be sensitive t...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐Functional Hydrogel‐Interlayer RF/NFC Resonators as a Versatile Platform for Passive and Wireless Biosensing

Dautta

Alshetaiwi

Escobar

et al. 2020

Adv Elect Materials

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“…A pathological process at an early stage is characterized by the appearance of marker proteins at very low (10 −15 M and lower) concentrations in blood, and highly-sensitive nanobiosensor systems are required to detect proteins at such low concentrations [10]. Additionally, the composition of biomolecules gathering at a surface is another relevant issue, given the dynamic nature of disease progression.…”

Section: Protein and Peptide Nanobiosensors For The Early Diagnosis Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Special Issue on Nano-Biointerface for Biosensing

Satriano

2019

Applied Sciences

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“…Microwave planar sensors have found tremendous applications due to a low cost, non-contact sensing mechanism, and integrability with CMOS/MEMS technology [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The advent of split-ring resonators (SRRs), subwavelength elements inspired by a metamaterial concept, has fostered this trend for its high sensitivity, high quality factor, and compact size [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Ultrahigh Sensitive Microwave Planar Sensor to Monitor Mechanical Motion: Rotation, Displacement, and Stretch

Abdolrazzaghi

Daneshmand

2020

Sensors

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This paper presents a novel planar multifunctional sensor that is used to monitor physical variations in the environment regarding distance, angle, and stretch. A double split-ring resonator is designed at 5.2 GHz as the core operating sensor. Another identical resonator is placed on top of the first one. The stacked configuration is theoretically analyzed using an electric circuit model with a detailed parameter extraction discussion. This design is first employed as a displacement sensor, and a compelling high sensitivity of 500 MHz/mm is observed for a wide dynamic range of 0-5 mm. Then, in another configuration, the stacked design is used as a rotation sensor that results in a high sensitivity of 4.5 MHz/ ° for the full range of 0-180 ° . In addition, the stacked resonator is utilized as a strain detector, and a 0–30% stretch is emulated with a linear sensitivity of 12 MHz/%. Measurements are well in congruence with simulated results, which proves the accurate functionality of the sensor in tracking mechanical deformations, all in a single compact contraption.

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EM-Wave Biosensors: A Review of RF, Microwave, mm-Wave and Optical Sensing

Cited by 159 publications

References 143 publications

Multi‐Functional Hydrogel‐Interlayer RF/NFC Resonators as a Versatile Platform for Passive and Wireless Biosensing

Multi‐Functional Hydrogel‐Interlayer RF/NFC Resonators as a Versatile Platform for Passive and Wireless Biosensing

Special Issue on Nano-Biointerface for Biosensing

Multifunctional Ultrahigh Sensitive Microwave Planar Sensor to Monitor Mechanical Motion: Rotation, Displacement, and Stretch

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