EMAST Type of Microsatellite Instability—A Distinct Entity or Blurred Overlap between Stable and MSI Tumors

Abstract

Microsatellite instability (MSI) represents an accumulation of frameshifts in short tandem repeats, microsatellites, across the genome due to defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR). MSI has been associated with distinct clinical, histological, and molecular features of tumors and has proven its prognostic and therapeutic value in different types of cancer. Recently, another type of microsatellite instability named elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) has been reported across many different tumors. EMAST tumors have been associated with chronic inflammation, higher tumor stage, and poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the clinical significance of EMAST and its relation to MSI remains unclear. It has been proposed that EMAST arises as a result of isolated MSH3 dysfunction or as a secondary event in MSI tumors. Even though previous studies have associated EMAST with MSI-low phenotype in tumors, recent studies show a certain degree of overlap between EMAST and MSI-high tumors. However, even in stable tumors, (MSS) frameshifts in microsatellites can be detected as a purely stochastic event, raising the question of whether EMAST truly represents a distinct type of microsatellite instability. Moreover, a significant fraction of patients with MSI tumors do not respond to immunotherapy and it can be speculated that in these tumors, EMAST might act as a modifying factor.

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“…Major pathways for the repair of different DNA damage include base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and so on [3]. Microsatellite Instability (MSI) is the accumulation of insertion or deletion errors at microsatellite repeat sequences in cancerous cells as a result of de cient mismatch repair (dMMR) [4][5]. Features associated with MSI can lead to the formation of a variety of tumors, including CRC (15% with MSI), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD, 15% with MSI), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC, 20-30% with MSI) and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV, 12% with MSI) [6][7].…”