Embedded gender and social changes underpinning inequalities in health: An ethnographic insight into a local Spanish context

Gender and socio‐economic inequalities in health and living conditions among co‐resident informal caregivers: a nationwide survey in Spain

“…Women provide more hours of care, during more years and even care to dependents with a more severe degree of dependence than do men. The social construction of caregiver's role linked to gender determines the highly female profile of informal caregivers (Garc ıa-Calvente et al 2012). These discriminatory facts mean that women end up being the main bearers of the domestic and caregiving tasks, with men remaining in their role of main breadwinners.…”

Gender equality and smoking: a theory-driven approach to smoking gender differences in Spain

“…The association between gender inequality and GSR can be explained by the rapid social, political and economic transformation that took place in Spain over the past 50–60 years, including a rapid evolution and improvement in the living conditions and opportunities of women living in Spain 14. These changes created opportunities for the tobacco industry to specifically target women using emancipation imagery, depicting smoking as a symbol of success and gender equality 7.…”

“…These changes created opportunities for the tobacco industry to specifically target women using emancipation imagery, depicting smoking as a symbol of success and gender equality 7. Previous analyses of internal documents and advertisements in Spain19 have shown that tobacco companies started targeted advertising towards women in the early-to-mid 1980s, an era of enormous social change in Spain that included an increase in women's participation in the labour market and the loosening of social constraints on smoking 14. In the early 1980s, two-thirds of all television tobacco advertising expenditure was dedicated to promotion of ‘light’ cigarettes, smoked predominantly by women; by 1986, this proportion had increased to 90% of all television tobacco marketing expenditure.…”

“…As tobacco control research, policy and practice regarding women remain a challenge worldwide,13 studying the tobacco smoking epidemic in Spain over the past 50 years from a gender perspective may prove useful to understanding the dynamics of the epidemic and the processes behind the adoption of health-related behaviours in a country that underwent rapid social, political and economic transformation in the second half of the 20th century 14…”

Performing masculinity, influencing health: a qualitative mixed-methods study of young Spanish men

“…Likewise, the results reveal the inverse functionality of alcohol to the identities of men and women. In Spain, some of the recent literature has shown how men interpret the assumption by women of lifestyles that have been considered traditionally more appropriate for men, such as ways of achieving a higher level of social equality and personal freedom (61). Recent studies have demonstrated that the traditional links between gender and alcohol consumption may be under revision (60, 62).…”