“…All the techniques have a feature in common, pre-processing individual user data either at the transmitter or receiver due to the channel (Norouzi, Wu, Attang, Atkin, & Ellis, 2015;Norouzi, Wu, Chahande, Marcias, & Atkin, 2013;. These transformations on modulated user data has a one-to-many projection, resulting in an exponential increase in constellation.…”