Embitterment and Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED): An Old, Frequent, and Still Underrecognized Problem

Arnold, Christopher P.

doi:10.1159/000511468

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 63 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is a burning emotion combined of feelings of frustration, self-reproach, down heartedness and wishes for revenge (Znoj et al, 2016). It can occur as normal emotion, as part of some other mental illness, and in greater intensity, it can constitute a mental disorder in the form of "post traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED)" (Kühn et al, 2018;Linden, 2017;Linden & Arnold, 2021;Linden & Noack, 2018;Linden & Rotter, 2018).…”

Section: Phenomenology Of Embittermentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embitterment – Conception of a Potential Moderator to Dysfunctional and Aggressive Behaviour in Children and Adolescents

Balder

2021

Journ Child Adol Trauma

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Embitterment is an emotion which is known to everybody in reaction to injustice, humiliation, and breach of trust. Children and adolescents have an understanding of justice/injustice and fairness, violations of injustice, humiliation, and breach of trust are also stressors at a young age. In this conceptual paper it is argued that embitterment is also seen in children and adolescents, and that parents, educators and therapists should recognize this emotion. This could possibly help to early identify children at risk for severe dysfunctional and aggressive behaviours, when preventive interventions are still possible. The article concludes with concepts on how to diagnose and treat children with embitterment.

show abstract

Section: Phenomenology Of Embittermentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embitterment – Conception of a Potential Moderator to Dysfunctional and Aggressive Behaviour in Children and Adolescents

Balder

2021

Journ Child Adol Trauma

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…"This study would advance the empirical and theoretical literature on the constructs of embitterment. It would provide insight into the cognitive processes and functional consequences of embitterment, and help in differentiating it with other conditions and will help in developing appropriate therapeutic stance (Griffin et al, 2019;Kühn et al, 2018;Linden & Rotter, 2019;Linden, 2020;Linden & Arnold, 2021;Muschalla et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Embitterment in University Population: A Psychometric Study

Bano

Mahmood

2021

pjsr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study was to construct a culturally valid Embitterment scale (ES), and to establish psychometric properties of the scale (reliability and validity). Phenomenology was explored; to explore the phenomenology open ended interviews were carried out, of 40 university students (BA/BS Hons), both men (20) and women (20), age ranging from 18 to 25. They were given the operational definition of the construct and were asked, about the characteristics an embittered person. Exploratory factor analysis was done, construct validity and test retest reliability were established. Out of 320 participants, 160 were men and 160 were women. Sample was divided into strata of age, gender and BS level. Convenient sampling was done to collect data from university students. The Embitterment Scale was correlated with Post Traumatic Embitterment Scale (PTES) with r = 0.62 and test -retest reliability of ES with r = .88 (p < 0.01). Factor analysis was carried out, through factor analysis three factors were obtained namely: Interpersonal Conflict, Intrapersonal Distress, and Rigid Sense of Self Righteousness. The embitterment scale was found to have adequate validity and reliability and can be used confidently to assess embitterment in student population. Keywords: embitterment, university students, culture, young adults.

show abstract

“…The occurrence of embitterment of 16% during the pandemic is quite a high rate in comparison with 3% in pre-pandemic times in the same region [9]. When looking into the literature, we found that embitterment has already been brought into the discussion in the context of the coronavirus pandemic [10], and also that increased rates of embitterment of up to 15–45% may occur in contexts of critical life events [1]. Our research reports the first empirical data on embitterment occurring concurrently with events happening during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As recently pointed out by Linden and Arnold [ 1 ] in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , embitterment can occur as a reaction to perceived injustice or critical life events [ 1 , 2 ]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the restrictions imposed on people's daily lives due to infection risk management, a range of many smaller or severe injustices have occurred.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%