Keywords:Workplace bullying, workplace culture, billable hours, professional conduct, Australia "They want people who will shut up and bill"
IntroductionThe context of modern work has changed significantly due to globalisation and increased competition (Noon et al., 2013). The impact of these changes can be felt at various levels, including: region, country, sector, industry and profession. The way in which work and employees are affected depends on how organisations, and professions, respond to the changes and the accompanying competitive pressures. Some of these pressures have led to institutions and organisations attempting to "convince, cajole and persuade" employees to maximise deliverables (Evetts, 2013, p. 790) across a range of professions. This has led to concerns relating to quality of worklife, stress, and the increasingly precarious nature of professional work in, for example, 2 engineering, accounting and the law (Bergin & Jimmieson, 2013;Francis, 2012;Smith, Derrick & Koval, 2010).In Australia, the legal profession, characterised by an adversarial court system, intense competition, long hours and a tradition of elites, including hierarchical structures, has also been subject to increasing demands in the changing context. This results in a 'pressure--cooker' environment, with the potential for adverse effects on individuals, law firms, the profession and eventually the wider society.At one level a certain amount of competition and conflict contributes to a productive workplace, and where work is about income generation, constructive conflict can contribute to the bottom--line. At another level, conflict can also be dysfunctional. Heightened levels can change a positively charged workplace into a breeding ground for ill--feeling, resentment and incivility: a toxic environment. A range of behaviours from inappropriate conduct and incivility, all the way to bullying, abusive conduct and outright victimisation can be found in environments which are highly charged as a result of the pressures of competition and a climate of survival of the fittest (Omari et al., 2013;Salin, 2003a).Occupations in which there are interactions with clients are recognised as having higher levels of incivility (van Jaarsveld et al., 2010;Westaby, 2010). In such settings, front--line staff are responsible for satisfying client expectations within the boundaries established by the organisation, including service standards and cost minimisation. The legal profession is no different: salaried professionals work under a strict time--for--service regime, known as 'billable hours', and must satisfy client expectations at the same time as meeting the demands of the firm.
3Notwithstanding the level of research into workplace bullying (Samnani, 2013), there is limited evidence of investigations into bullying behaviours amongst legal practitioners. The legal profession, with its traditions of hierarchy, power and status, and the demanding nature of the occupation and associated work practices, offers a somewhat unique environment in whi...