“…The latter issue has resulted in delays in HIV diagnosis and care provision, false pre-clinical diagnosis, and prescription among inhabitants of local and suburban communities [9][10][11][12]. In South Africa specifically, there are several indigenous languages such as Zulu, Xhosa, Setswana, Tswana, Venda, amongst others, with Zulu and Xhosa as the most widely used languages in many rural areas [13][14][15]. In the absence of interpreters and HIV test kits, due to limited resources, English-speaking medical doctors, nurses, and foreign medical personnel, often find it difficult to efficiently communicate in Zulu and Xhosa with indigenous ethnic patients at rural clinics for HIV diagnosis [11,12,16].…”