Embryonic development in the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), a viviparous hammerhead shark

Abstract

BackgroundThe hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae) are an immediately recognizable group of sharks due to their unique head shape. Though there has long been an interest in hammerhead development, there are currently no explicit staging tables published for any members of the group. The bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo is the smallest member of Sphyrnidae and is abundant in estuarine and nearshore waters in the Gulf of Mexico and Western North Atlantic Ocean. Due to their relative abundance, close proximity to shore, and brief gestation period, it has been possible to collect and document multiple embryonic specimens at progressive stages of development.ResultsWe present the first comprehensive embryonic staging series for the Bonnethead, a viviparous hammerhead shark. Our stage series covers a period of development from stages that match the vertebrate phylotypic period, from Stage 23, through stages of morphological divergence to complete development at birth—Stage 35). Notably, we use a variety of techniques to document crucial stages that lead to their extreme craniofacial diversity, resulting in the formation of one of the most distinctive characters of any shark species, the cephalofoil or hammer‐like head.ConclusionDocumenting the development of hard‐to‐access vertebrates, like this viviparous shark species, offers important information about how new and diverse morphologies arise that otherwise may remain poorly studied. This work will serve as a platform for future comparative developmental research both within sharks and across the phylogeny of vertebrates, underpinning the extreme potential of craniofacial development and morphological diversity in vertebrate animals.

A practical guide to necropsy of the elasmobranch chondrocranium and causes of mortality in wild and aquarium-housed California elasmobranchs

“…Paired ELPs and ELDs are one of many unique anatomic features of elasmobranchs. Fully developed during late gestation and patent throughout the life of sharks and rays ( 37 , 38 ), ELPs and ELDs provide a direct route for microbial entry into the otic capsules ( 18 , 39 , 40 ). Once established in the inner ear, pathogens are largely shielded from host immune surveillance and can readily spread to the adjacent cranial vault, meninges, and brain.…”