Abstract:Membrane-derived vesicles (MV) are released from the surface of activated eucaryotic cells and exert pleiotropic effects on surrounding cells. Since the maintenance of pluripotency and undifferentiated propagation of embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro requires tight cell to cell contacts and effective intercellular signaling, we hypothesize that MV derived from ES cells (ES-MV) express stem cell-specific molecules that may also support self-renewal and expansion of adult stem cells. To address this hypothesis,… Show more
“…Ambivalence was apparent for the transport and uptake categories, with most votes in the middle of the range. These results suggest perceived unmet needs across all topics, but especially in cargo loading and cargo transfer.10.1080/20013078.2018.1535745-F0002Figure 2.EV topics about which we know the “most” [1] to the “least” [5]. Respondents were required to rank the five topics from most [1] to least knowledge [2].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Respondents were required to rank the five topics from most [1] to least knowledge [2]. No rank could be used twice.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and RNA were united in the mid- to late-2000s by findings that RNA molecules were incorporated into EVs and thereby transferred from cell to cell [1-5]. Communication via extracellular RNA (exRNA) was soon accepted as a novel set of mechanisms to explain the increasingly appreciated paracrine effects of EVs.…”
The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer functional extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) between cells opened new avenues into the study of EVs in health and disease. Growing interest in EV RNAs and other forms of exRNA has given rise to research programmes including but not limited to the Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC) of the US National Institutes of Health. In 2017, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) administered a survey focusing on EVs and exRNA to canvass-related views and perceived needs of the EV research community. Here, we report the results of this survey. Overall, respondents emphasized opportunities for technical developments, unraveling of molecular mechanisms and standardization of methodologies to increase understanding of the important roles of exRNAs in the broader context of EV science. In conclusion, although exRNA biology is a relatively recent emphasis in the EV field, it has driven considerable interest and resource commitment. The ISEV community looks forward to continuing developments in the science of exRNA and EVs, but without excluding other important molecular constituents of EVs.
“…Ambivalence was apparent for the transport and uptake categories, with most votes in the middle of the range. These results suggest perceived unmet needs across all topics, but especially in cargo loading and cargo transfer.10.1080/20013078.2018.1535745-F0002Figure 2.EV topics about which we know the “most” [1] to the “least” [5]. Respondents were required to rank the five topics from most [1] to least knowledge [2].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Respondents were required to rank the five topics from most [1] to least knowledge [2]. No rank could be used twice.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and RNA were united in the mid- to late-2000s by findings that RNA molecules were incorporated into EVs and thereby transferred from cell to cell [1-5]. Communication via extracellular RNA (exRNA) was soon accepted as a novel set of mechanisms to explain the increasingly appreciated paracrine effects of EVs.…”
The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer functional extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) between cells opened new avenues into the study of EVs in health and disease. Growing interest in EV RNAs and other forms of exRNA has given rise to research programmes including but not limited to the Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC) of the US National Institutes of Health. In 2017, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) administered a survey focusing on EVs and exRNA to canvass-related views and perceived needs of the EV research community. Here, we report the results of this survey. Overall, respondents emphasized opportunities for technical developments, unraveling of molecular mechanisms and standardization of methodologies to increase understanding of the important roles of exRNAs in the broader context of EV science. In conclusion, although exRNA biology is a relatively recent emphasis in the EV field, it has driven considerable interest and resource commitment. The ISEV community looks forward to continuing developments in the science of exRNA and EVs, but without excluding other important molecular constituents of EVs.
“…It has already been demonstrated that EVs can be derived from almost all mammalian cell types, including healthy cells21, 22 and cancerous cells 23, 24. The composition of cancer‐derived EVs (C‐EVs) is markedly changed compared to EVs from healthy cells, and C‐EVs can therefore be used as diagnostic biomarkers of cancers 25, 26.…”
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous nanosized membrane vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins and nucleic acids, which are active in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly seen as a vital component of many biological functions that were once considered to require the direct participation of stem cells. Consequently, transplantation of EVs is gradually becoming considered an alternative to stem cell transplantation due to their significant advantages, including their relatively low probability of neoplastic transformation and abnormal differentiation. However, as research has progressed, it is realized that EVs derived from native‐source cells may have various shortcomings, which can be corrected by modification and optimization. To date, attempts are made to modify or improve almost all the components of EVs, including the lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids, launching a new era of modularized EV therapy through the “modular design” of EV components. One high‐yield technique, generating EV mimetic nanovesicles, will help to make industrial production of modularized EVs a reality. These modularized EVs have highly customized “modular design” components related to biological function and targeted delivery and are proposed as a promising approach to achieve personalized and precision medicine.
“…Early work included ultrastructural studies of subcellular compartments that defined the biogenetic pathways for these particles [5,6] and the 1996 discovery that exosomes can stimulate T-cells through antigen presentation resulted in a broad increase of interest in EV research [7]. This increase in research activity was further cemented by the 2006 finding that EVs contain RNA cargoes [8,9]. The field now enjoys an exponential growth in the number of publications [10] and EVs have now been isolated from an ever-expanding array of biofluids and cell types [1].…”
It is now acknowledged that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important effectors in a vast number of biological processes through intercellular transfer of biomolecules. Increasing research efforts in the EV field have yielded an appreciation for the potential role of glycans in EV function. Indeed, recent reports show that the presence of glycoconjugates is involved in EV biogenesis, in cellular recognition and in the efficient uptake of EVs by recipient cells. It is clear that a full understanding of EV biology will require researchers to focus also on EV glycosylation through glycomics approaches. This review outlines the major glycomics techniques that have been applied to EVs in the context of the recent findings. Beyond understanding the mechanisms by which EVs mediate their physiological functions, glycosylation also provides opportunities by which to engineer EVs for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Studies characterising the glycan composition of EVs have highlighted glycome changes in various disease states, thus indicating potential for EV glycans as diagnostic markers. Meanwhile, glycans have been targeted as molecular handles for affinity-based isolation in both research and clinical contexts. An overview of current strategies to exploit EV glycosylation and a discussion of the implications of recent findings for the burgeoning EV industry follows the below review of glycomics and its application to EV biology.
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