“…In reliability assessment, multi-physics coupling, multi-variable, multi-source uncertainty information (Wang et al ., 2022; Liu et al ., 2020; Pan and Deng, 2018; Xue and Deng, 2021) are often involved, so these assessments are even more unacceptable (Liu et al ., 2021b; Gao et al ., 2022; Yang et al ., 2022; Meng et al ., 2022b). Surrogate model (such as Kriging model (Li et al ., 2021; Meng et al ., 2021b), Canonical Low Rank Approximation (CLRA) (Wang et al ., 2019), Polynomial Chaos Expansions (PCE) (Zhu et al ., 2023), Support Vector Regression (SVR) (Luo et al ., 2022a) and Polynomial Chaos-Kriging (PCK) (Meng et al ., 2017; Schöbi et al ., 2017) etc.) is an approximation technique.…”