Emended description of Gardnerella vaginalis and description of Gardnerella leopoldii sp. nov., Gardnerella piotii sp. nov. and Gardnerella swidsinskii sp. nov., with delineation of 13 genomic species within the genus Gardnerella

Vaneechoutte, Mario; Guschin, Alexander; Simaey, Leen Van; Gansemans, Yannick; Nieuwerburgh, Filip Van; Cools, Piet

doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003200

Cited by 167 publications

(255 citation statements)

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“…and initiate multispecies biofilm formation [32]. The recent amendment of the genus and the “fine-tuning” of the taxonomy of Gardnerella [4] re-emphasizes the clinical importance of determining the particular contributions of different Gardnerella spp. to vaginosis, and the degree to which different subgroups may compete or cooperate in the vaginal microbiome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These subgroups have also been classified as clades 1-4 [3], with subgroups A, B, C, and D corresponding to clades 4, 2, 1 and 3, respectively. More recently, Vaneechoutte et al amended the description of Gardnerella and defined three new species within the genus: G. leopoldii, G. swidsinskii , and G. piotti [4]. These species correspond to three of the previously defined subgroups: G. vaginalis (subgroup C/clade 1), G. leopoldii and G. swidsinskii (subgroup A/clade 4), and G. piotii (subgroup B/clade 2), while subgroup D/clade 3 encompasses several unnamed “genome species”.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenotypic differences between the subgroups have been identified that could influence the role of Gardnerella spp. in the vaginal microbiome and their contributions to establishment and maintenance of vaginal dysbiosis [2, 4, 5]. Furthermore, it has been shown that clades 4, 1 and 3 (Subgroups A, C, and D) are more often associated with bacterial vaginosis as defined by a high Nugent score or Amsel’s criteria [6, 7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gardnerella clades or subgroups can be reliably distinguished in vaginal microbiome profiles using cpn60 barcode sequences [1, 9], whereas 16S rRNA gene sequencing does not provide sufficient resolution [4]. Profiling of vaginal microbiomes using cpn60 barcode sequencing, and application of clade-specific PCR has shown that the vagina is often colonized by multiple subgroups simultaneously [6, 7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Competition amongGardnerellasubgroups from the human vaginal microbiome

Khan

Voordouw

Hill

2019

Preprint

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11Gardnerella spp. are hallmarks of bacterial vaginosis, a clinically significant dysbiosis of the 12 vaginal microbiome. Gardnerella has four subgroups (A, B, C and D) based on cpn60 sequences. 13 Multiple subgroups are often detected in individual women, and interactions between these 14 subgroups are expected to influence their population dynamics and associated signs and 15 symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. In the present study, contact-independent and contact-16 dependent interactions between the four Gardnerella subgroups were investigated in vitro. The 17 cell free supernatants of mono-and co-cultures had no effect on growth rates of the Gardnerella 18 subgroups suggesting that there are no contact-independent interactions (and no contest 19 competition). For contact-dependent interactions, mixed communities of 2, 3 or 4 subgroups 20 were created and the initial (0 h) and final population sizes (48 h) were quantified using 21 subgroup-specific PCR. Compared to the null hypothesis of additive interactions, most (69.3%) 22 of the mixed communities exhibited competition (p < 0.0001). Competition reduced the growth 23 rates of subgroups A, B and C. In contrast, the growth rate of subgroup D increased in the 24 presence of the other subgroups (p < 0.0001). All subgroups were able to form biofilm alone and 25 in mixed communities. Our study suggests that there is scramble competition among 26

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Competition amongGardnerellasubgroups from the human vaginal microbiome

Khan

Voordouw

Hill

2019

Preprint

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“…In 2019, Vaneecoutte et al [13] formally proposed the emendment of the species G. vaginalis , and defined three new species: G. piotti , G. swidsinskii and G. leopoldii , based on comparison of whole genome sequences, biochemical properties and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis. The species could not be resolved using 16S rRNA gene sequences [13]. In addition to these four species, the authors also defined nine additional “genome species” based on whole genome sequence comparisons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resolution and co-occurrence patterns ofGardnerella leopoldii,Gardnerella swidsinskii,Gardnerella piotiiandGardnerella vaginaliswithin the vaginal microbiome

Hill

Albert

2019

Preprint

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BackgroundGardnerella vaginalis is a hallmark of vaginal dysbiosis, but is found in the microbiomes of women with and without vaginal symptoms. G. vaginalis encompasses diverse taxa differing in attributes that are potentially important for virulence, and there is evidence that ‘clades’ or ‘subgroups’ within the species are differentially associated with clinical outcomes. The G. vaginalis species description was recently emended, and three new species within the genus were defined (leopoldii, swidsinskii, piotii). 16S rRNA sequences for the four Gardnerella species are all >98.5% identical and no signature sequences differentiate them.ResultsWe demonstrated that Gardnerella species can be resolved using partial chaperonin-60 (cpn60) sequences, with pairwise percent identities of 87.1-97.8% among the type strains. Pairwise co-occurrence patterns of Gardnerella spp. in the vaginal microbiomes of 413 reproductive aged Canadian women were investigated, and several significant co-occurrences of species were identified. Abundance of G. vaginalis, and swidsinskii was associated with vaginal symptoms of abnormal odour and discharge.Conclusionscpn60 barcode sequencing can provide a rapid assessment of the relative abundance of Gardnerella spp. in microbiome samples, providing a powerful method of elucidating associations between these diverse organisms and clinical outcomes. Researchers should consider using cpn60 in place of 16S RNA for better resolution of these important organisms.

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Identification of Gram‐Positive Bacteria

Bernard

2023

ClinMicroNow

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Unlike in the case of Gram‐negative bacilli, it can be difficult to definitively identify Gram‐positive cocci and bacilli to the genus and species levels. Gram‐positive bacilli have been difficult to identify because pathogens have to be discerned from hundreds of validly named species that are found in the environment or are part of the normal microbiota of the human body, including the skin, mucosal membranes, oropharynx, and genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, and the taxonomy of such agents is both evolving and being augmented. For species‐level identification of viridans group streptococci, enterococci, and corynebacteria, commercial kits are often easier to perform than standard tube biochemical tests, but both approaches have limitations in accuracy. Because of the lack of unique colony morphologies for many Gram‐positive microorganisms, the Gram stain must be performed on isolates for identification. Gram‐variable microorganisms are considered Gram positive.

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Emended description of Gardnerella vaginalis and description of Gardnerella leopoldii sp. nov., Gardnerella piotii sp. nov. and Gardnerella swidsinskii sp. nov., with delineation of 13 genomic species within the genus Gardnerella

Cited by 167 publications

References 43 publications

Competition amongGardnerellasubgroups from the human vaginal microbiome

Competition amongGardnerellasubgroups from the human vaginal microbiome

Resolution and co-occurrence patterns ofGardnerella leopoldii,Gardnerella swidsinskii,Gardnerella piotiiandGardnerella vaginaliswithin the vaginal microbiome

Identification of Gram‐Positive Bacteria

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