Emergence and fate of cyclic volatile polydimethylsiloxanes (D4, D5) in municipal waste streams: Release mechanisms, partitioning and persistence in air, water, soil and sediments

Understanding the effects of the origin, occurrence, monitoring, control, fate and removal of siloxanes on the energetic valorization of sewage biogas—A review

“…The market has experienced an important geographical shift in the recent years, as China became the largest producer and consumer of silicones in the world in 2009 [31], overtaking both Western Europe and the USA. Due to increasing end-use markets, the worldwide demand is anticipated to increase by 6% per year until 2022 [32][33][34]. Table 2 depicts some industrial and domestic applications of silicones, its consumption in Western Europe in 2002 and the main routes for introduction into the environment from fluid, elastomer and resin applications.…”

Preliminary investigation to characterize deposits forming during combustion of biogas from anaerobic digesters and landfills

“…With the increase of siloxanes found in consumer products, concentrations of siloxane compounds are intensifying in the waste stream. It was projected that the world demand for silicone has increased by 6.3 percent per year [27,35]. Siloxanes typically sorb onto solids due to their low solubilities or volatilize due to their inherent vapor pressures.…”

Response to “Comment on Emergence and fate of siloxanes (D4, D5) in municipal waste streams: Release mechanisms, partitioning and persistence in air, water, soil and sediments”

“…It is important to stress that the paper by Surita and Tansel (2014) addresses the release of D4 and D5 specifically originating from the municipal waste streams (municipal solid waste and wastewater) as indicated in the title. Therefore, the soil, water, sediment and air quality should be interpreted at the ground level (or the planetary boundary layer) where D4 and D5 releases from the waste streams occur.…”