Emergence and upstream flight of lotic mayflies and caddisflies (Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera) in a lake outlet, central Finland

Abstract

Temporal and spatial occurrence and upstream flight of lotic mayflies and caddisflies were studied by means of kick netting, slit traps and floating emergence traps in Lake Konnevesi and its outlet stream (Siikakoski), mainly in 1983. Twenty species of mayflies and 78 species of caddisflies were recorded. Clearly lotic mayflies in the material were Baetis subalpinus, Heptagenia sulphurea and Ephemerella mucronata, which occurred only in the stream samples. Females of lotic Baetis rhodani had a long distance upstream flight in the area and occurred frequently in the floating emergence traps especially in sandy littoral habitats of L. Konnevesi. Procloeon bifidum and Nixe joernensis, which in some regions occur mainly in streams, were frequently found in the stony littoral belt of L. Konnevesi. Most of the mayflies recorded in the area were univoltine, but Baetis rhodani and Centroptilum luteolum at least had two generations in 1983. Strictly lotic species among caddisflies were Ceratopsyche nevae, Hydropsyche saxonica, Halesus digitatus, Ceraclea perplexa, Ylodes detruncatus, Athripsodes commutatus and Hydroptila forcipata. These were mainly found in stream samples. A short distance upstream flight of females (c. 0.1-0.4 km) was observed in the populations of H. siltalai, Psychomyia pusilla and Oxyethira frici and a moderate distance flight (at least 0.6 km) by females of Hydropsyche pellucidula, Cheumatopsyche lepida and Polycentropus irroratus. The most abundant caddisflies of the stream Siikakoski (Brachycentrus subnubilus, Neureclipsis bimaculata, Rhyacophila nubila, Agapetus ochripes, Micrasema setiferum and Hydroptila cornuta) were frequently found also in floating emergence traps in the lake (3. 7 km from the rapids). Females of Brachycentrus, Neureclipsis and Rhyacophila favoured traps on sandy substrata while females of Hydroptila were usually found in the stony belt. In the trap material of Agapetus ochripes, males were more abundant than females. According to emergence data, all caddisflies recorded in the area were univoltine though the emerging period of several species such as Rhyacophila nubila and Neureclipsis bimaculata was long. Maximum emergence was observed in early June when brachycentrids were swarming and another peak in August when limnephilids and leptocerids were abundant.

Metacommunity Structures of Macroinvertebrates and Diatoms in High Mountain Streams, Yunnan, China

“…On the lake-connected aspect, streams are connected by a lake and not a river. Because some macroinvertebrates can live in the littoral zones and flying insects can still actively disperse along the lake's edge, some degree of connectivity could still be maintained (Bagge, 1995). Although we realize that stream-lake connection provides a weaker dispersal path for macroinvertebrates than the connection between a stream and river, for the sake of comparison, the edge of the lake was still regarded as a network path for both macroinvertebrates and diatoms.…”

“…Apart from in-stream passive dispersal via flow, many macroinvertebrates can move actively along the network corridor and fly overland as well. Flying adult insects can disperse along the lake shore from confluence to confluence, as well as along the littoral zone of the lake (Bagge, 1995), contributing, therefore, to the dispersal between streams on the lake-connected aspect. Thus, there is weakened network connectivity between the macroinvertebrate communities in streams on the lake-connected aspect compared to the riverconnected aspect.…”

Rethinking biodiversity patterns and processes in stream ecosystems

“…We ran a principal components analysis (PCA) for each network separately on our spatial variables of elevation, streamwise distance from headwaters, streamwise distance below upstream lakes, and upstream lake area. Upstream lake area can strongly influence dispersal throughout a river network, as the majority of larval species may not be able to move through large and deep lakes (Bagge, 1995; A. J. Brooks, Wolfenden, et al, 2017; Kurthen et al, 2020; Parisek, 2018). Distance from headwaters, distance below upstream lakes, and elevation all loaded on the first PC axis, which explained 60% of the spatial variation on average for all networks (Evo: 53%, Cascade: 66%, Bubbs: 45%, Rock: 75%) and described a gradient from spatially isolated sites, which were typically found high in the headwaters and close to larger, upstream lakes, to spatially connected sites, which were typically found downstream from the headwaters and downstream from lakes with smaller areas.…”

“…We ran a principal components analysis (PCA) for each network separately on our spatial variables of elevation, streamwise distance from headwaters, streamwise distance below upstream lakes, and upstream lake area. Upstream lake area can strongly influence dispersal throughout a river network, as the majority of larval species may not be able to move through large and deep lakes (Bagge, 1995;A. J. Brooks, Wolfenden, et al, 2017;Kurthen et al, 2020;Parisek, 2018).…”

Catalog of the Hydroptilidae (Insecta, Trichoptera)

“…— Andersen et al 1993a : 51 [distribution]. — Bagge 1995 : 93 [distribution; biology]. — Uherkovich and Nógrádi 1997 : 461 [distribution].…”