Emergence of a methamphetamine crisis in <scp>I</scp>ran

Shariatirad, Schwann; Maarefvand, Masoomeh; Ekhtiari, Hamed

doi:10.1111/dar.12014

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Methamphetamine use in the general population of Iran is growing. This substance is abused, especially during the course of MMT to eliminate the side effects of methadone, to increase energy, to improve sexual performance, and advance cognitive functions (54, 55). The higher efficiency of methadone, negative result of morphine test, increased mood, and more tolerance to stressful conditions are considered the incentives to use methamphetamine in these clinics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in substance use patterns and disorders among an Iranian patient sample receiving methadone maintenance treatment

Ghaderi¹,

Motmaen²,

Abdi³

et al. 2017

Electron Physician

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BackgroundThe current prevalence rate of substance abuse and dependence, represents an increasing trend of substance abuse and dependence among women, and the results of epidemiology studies indicate that substance use patterns are different between men and women. This study aimed to determine gender differences in substance use patterns and disorders among the patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted throughout a specified time bracket ranging from September 2012 through March 2013 in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) clinics of Mashhad, Iran. In this study, 140 men and 120 women were selected from among the patients referring to MMT clinics in Mashhad through purposeful sampling method. The sample units were assessed using a demographic information questionnaire and Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (SCID). The data were then analyzed by Chi Square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Independent-samples t-test. SPSS software 16 was used to conduct statistical analyses with P values less than 0.05 regarded as significant.ResultsThe results showed that men and women are significantly different from each other in terms of marital status (p=0.001), education (p=0.001), income (p=0.001), history of injection (p=0.002), imprisonment (p=0.001), and substance use abstention (p=0.023). It was also revealed that methamphetamine dependence (p=0.017) and simultaneous use of multiple substances (p=0.001) in the past 12 months were diagnosed, to a larger extent, in male participants than those in female participants. In addition, the diagnoses of nicotine dependence (p=0.001), cannabis abuse (p=0.001), heroin dependence (p=0.001), and substance abuse and alcohol dependence (p=0.001) during a lifetime were more frequently existing in males than those in females.ConclusionThere are gender differences in substance use patterns and disorders that appear to be caused by the degree of access to substances and the impacts of cultural and social aspects on men and women in Iran.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in substance use patterns and disorders among an Iranian patient sample receiving methadone maintenance treatment

Ghaderi¹,

Motmaen²,

Abdi³

et al. 2017

Electron Physician

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“…[12345] It is a pharmacological stimulant of the central nervous system, which results in stimulating excessive dopaminergic transmissions in the brain. [6789] Methamphetamine use induces a wide variety of psychiatric disorders such as psychotic,[10] mood,[11] sleep,[12] sexual,[13] cognitive,[14] and violent behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia, Methamphetamine-induced Psychotic Disorder, and Healthy People: A Comparative Study

et al. 2018

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Background:Methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder (MIP) cannot be easily differentiated from other psychotic disorders. Some studies have reported that patients with MIP and schizophrenia have differences in their cognitive functioning. We hypothesized that their performance would be different on neuropsychological tests which assess executive functions and visual memory.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional study, 30 patients with MIP, 31 patients with schizophrenia, and 31 healthy controls were assessed by Rey–Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) test and visual search and attention test (VSAT). One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean scores of tests. Tukey's HSD test was used for post hoc analysis.Results:Three groups had significant differences according to ROCF test (F = 15.76, P < 0.0001), VSAT (F = 39.78, P < 0.0001), left VSAT (F = 37.96, P < 0.0001), right VSAT (F = 40.40, P < 0.0001), and the time of the test administration (F = 3.26, P = 0.04). The post hoc analysis showed that the mean score of ROCF test and VSAT (total, right, and left) was significantly higher in the control group than in the other two groups. The time of administering the test in the control group was significantly shorter than in the MIP group (P < 0.03) and nonsignificantly shorter than in the schizophrenia group (P = 0.54). The mean score of right side VSAT was significantly higher in the MIP group than in the schizophrenia group.Conclusion:ROCF could not differentiate MIP from schizophrenia. The better performance of patients with MIP on right side VSAT that is reported in this and in the previous study needs to be reevaluated in more controlled studies.

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“…Cognitive - behavioral therapies including the Matrix Model are the main methods for treating methamphetamine use [10]. Recently, the transition from the traditional patterns of using opium and opium residues to methamphetamine smoking and/or injection has changed in to a new health concern in Iran [11]. …”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin kerack

Mehrjerdi

2013

DARU J Pharm Sci

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In recent years, methamphetamine use has dramatically increased in Iran while there is a crucial misunderstanding about the colloquial words related to methamphetamine among health providers, policy makers, clinicians, scholars and people in the community. The word Crystal refers to methamphetamine in some parts of Iran while in some other parts of the country, Crystal refers to a high purity street-level heroin which is called Kerack and its abuse is epidemic. Methamphetamine and heroin Kerack are different drugs in Iran. Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug while heroin Kerack is an opioid. Health providers especially clinicians and emergency medicine specialists should consider colloquial words that Iranian drug users apply. Special training courses should be designed and implemented for clinicians in Iran to inform them about methamphetamine and its frequently used colloquial words in the community. This issue has important clinical and health implications.

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Emergence of a methamphetamine crisis in Iran

Cited by 27 publications

References 3 publications

Gender differences in substance use patterns and disorders among an Iranian patient sample receiving methadone maintenance treatment

Gender differences in substance use patterns and disorders among an Iranian patient sample receiving methadone maintenance treatment

Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia, Methamphetamine-induced Psychotic Disorder, and Healthy People: A Comparative Study

Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin kerack

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