Emergence of a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to <i>Leishmania tropica</i> in rural communities of Bam district after the earthquake, Iran

Sharifi, Iraj; Poursmaelian, Somayeh; Aflatoonian, Mohammad Reza; Ardakani, Reza Fotouhi; Mirzaei, Mohammad; Fekri, Alireza; Khamesipour, Ali; Parizi, Maryam Hakimi; Harandi, Majid Fasihi

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02729.x

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Herein, the majority of the wounds were respectively found on the face, hands, legs, and trunk. In a study in Bam, Iran, the majority of the lesions were observed in the face (16). Nonetheless, in another study, most of the wounds were on the hands, feet, and face (12,14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013-2015

Nikouee

Soltanian

Babaee

et al. 2017

JNMS

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Background and Purpose: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in different parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Zarrin Dasht, Fars, Iran, during 2013-2015 Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed on 266 patients selected through census sampling method. Data such as gender, age, occupation, disease season, location of scar on the patient's body, and place of residence were gathered using a checklist and analyzed through descriptive statistics and nonparametric methods. Results:In this study, the majority of the patients were female (58.3%) within the age group of 0-5 years (66.2%), living in rural areas (53%). The highest incidence rate was observed in autumn (49.2%). The majority of lesions (49%) were observed in face. Conclusion:The results of this study showed that cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Zarrin Dasht, and it annually infects numerous people. Although the disease process has been declining during 2013-2015 in this region, this disease is still a health hazard and needs to be managed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013-2015

Nikouee

Soltanian

Babaee

et al. 2017

JNMS

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“…1 In spite of these attempts, the number of leishmaniasis endemic sites is ever expanding with new foci and new epidemics in endemic sites being continuously reported at a global scale. 2,3,4 New genetic variants of Leishmania sp. are also being continuously reported.…”

Section: The Disease Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a decade old story

Siriwardana

Chandrawansa

Sirimanna

et al. 2012

Sri Lankan J Infec Dis

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan disease targeted for elimination from the Indian subcontinent by year 2020. Sri Lanka is a new focus of human leishmaniasis caused by a genetically distinct variant of Leishmania donovani, which is the species more widely known to cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The clinical entity that is most frequent in Sri Lanka is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), though a few cases of muco-cutaneous (MCL) and VL have also been reported in the recent past. In CL, papules, nodules, ulcerating nodules and ulcers occur mainly as single lesions on exposed body areas of affected individuals. A wide age range is affected including both sexes. The potential for visceralization in the cutaneous variant of L. donovani in Sri Lanka is not known. There is no evidence for a serological response in CL patients who have demonstrated negative for rK 39 antibodies in sera, (rk39 test being the recommended test for VL detection), while MCL and VL cases have been rK39 positive.Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of L. donovani in other parts of the world is a widely prevalent insect in almost all parts of Sri Lanka. Studies are underway for vector identification. L.donovani is transmitted between this vector and the human host, the only known host for this species. However, domestic dogs have shown the presence of Leishmania parasites and also the presence of anti -L. donovani antibodies in their sera, providing primary evidence for the likely presence of an animal reservoir in Sri Lanka. Field-based risk factor studies have shown that there is peri-domestic as well as zoonotic/outdoor transmission cycles in different parts of the country.At present patients are detected mainly passively based on self referrals. Only a proportion of these patients proceed for pre-treatment laboratory confirmation due to the lack of freely available investigation facilities. Leishmaniasis was made a notifiable disease in Sri Lanka in 2008. Action plan for its control was drawn up with primary involvement of the Ministry of Health and other stake holders in 2008. Preventive and control activities are required to be put in place sooner rather than later. Enhanced case detection and active treatment are of prime value in controlling L.donovani infections. Availability of cost effective and field friendly diagnostic services in a decentralized manner, timely case management and vector control using appropriate protocols are necessary. To achieve this, a considerable amount of information is already available, and further research is needed to fill in the essential gaps.

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“…The foci of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis are active in some large cities and suburban areas of the country, such as Mashhad, Sabzevar and Neishabour (north-east); Kerman, Shiraz and Bam (south); and Kashan, Isfahan and Yazd (centre) (9). Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis cases are mostly reported from Fars in the south, Azarbaijan Sharghi and Ardabil in the northwest, Lorestan in the west, Khuzestan in the south-west and Khorasan Shomali in the north-east (7,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983–2012

Shirzadi

Esfahania

Mohebalia

et al. 2015

Easter Mediterr Health J

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Leishmaniasis has a long history in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study aimed to show the trend in leishmaniasis incidence from 1983 to 2012 and to describe the epidemiological characteristics in 2012. In a retrospective cross-sectional study, data were extracted from th%e national leishmaniasis surveillance system for the 3 clinical types-cutaneous (zoonotic and anthroponotic) and visceral (zoonotic). The average annual number of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases was 18 884 (average annual incidence 32 cases per 100 000 inhabitants). In 2012 the highest incidences were in age groups 1-4 and 5-9-years (43 and 40 per 100 000), and more males (57%) than females (43%) were infected. The annual average number of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis cases was 175 (average annual incidence 0.18 per 100 000). The incidences of cutaneous and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis have decreased in recent years, which coincides with national leishmaniasis control efforts.

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Emergence of a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in rural communities of Bam district after the earthquake, Iran

Cited by 47 publications

References 11 publications

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013-2015

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an epidemiological survey in Iran during 2013-2015

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a decade old story

Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983–2012

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