Emergence of a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in Golestan Province, north-eastern of Iran

Fakhar, Mahdi; Kia, A. Asadi; Gohardehi, Shaban; Sharif, Mehdi; Mohebali, Mehdi; Akhoundi, Behnaz; Pagheh, Abdol Sattar; Dadimoghadam, Yousef; Cheraghali, Fatemeh

doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0307-4

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…2.8% and 1.3% of human samples were positive by PCRand DAT, respectively. Also, 32% and 30% of dogs were seropositive and PCRpositive, respectively, in these villages (Fakhar et al, ). By the expansion of study in 2016, new infected cases were found in studied areas, where 16% ( n = 131) and 1% ( n = 8) of 800 human samples and ( n = 25) and ( n = 7) of 100 dog samples were positive by PCRand DAT methods, respectively (unpublished data by the same research team).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…According to the increasing number of viscerotropic cases, L. tropica , the most important aetiological agent of anthroponotic CL (ACL), has been recently known as the second aetiological agent of VL in this country (Ghatee, Mirhendi, et al, ). Also, new emerging foci of ZVL have been found in western and north‐eastern parts of the country (Fakhar et al, ; Hamzavi et al, ). Northern regions of Iran in the southern coast of Caspian Sea and with condensed forests and humid weather consisted of three provinces Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan that have been non‐endemic areas for ZVL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Northern regions of Iran in the southern coast of Caspian Sea and with condensed forests and humid weather consisted of three provinces Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan that have been non‐endemic areas for ZVL. Recently, a micro‐focus of ZVL has been found in Maraveh Tappeh County in Golestan province and in close proximity of North Khorasan province as the known focus of the disease in northeast Iran (Fakhar et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geo‐climatic factors in a newly emerging focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of north‐eastern Iran

Ghatee

Fakhar

Derakhshani-Niya

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the fatal form of leishmaniasis. A newly emerging focus of zoonotic VL (ZVL) including 13 villages has been reported from Maraveh Tappeh County, Golestan province, north‐eastern Iran. We investigated the effect of climatic and environmental factors on the occurrence of disease in this focus by geographical information systems (GIS) approaches and logistic regression models. The incidence rate of ZVL in human and dog population was estimated 1.2% and 27.3%, respectively, in the studied areas. Rock soil type (OR = 11.7), rainfall (OR = 1.04) and elevation (OR = 0.99) were found as determinants of ZVL. Also, almost all infected villages were in close proximity of rivers. Cavities of rock soil around rivers are assumed as suitable areas for sandfly resting and growth by providing shadow and moisture. Rainfall also provides appropriate moisture in semi‐arid regions for survival of sandflies. The negative effect of higher altitude can be explained by some sandfly life‐limiting conditions like freezing weather. Accordingly, regions with lower altitude and higher rainfall, covered by rock and in close proximity of rivers, are the hazard zones for ZVL in the Maraveh Tappeh. Air humidity, temperature, land cover type and slope were not predictors of disease in the current study. Further investigations on human population movement, probable reservoirs and vectors of disease can provide valuable data for modelling the future distribution of ZVL in the Iranian province.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geo‐climatic factors in a newly emerging focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of north‐eastern Iran

Ghatee

Fakhar

Derakhshani-Niya

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Studies on canine leishmaniosis from Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia have reported between 1.6% and 42% positivity for Leishmania spp. by PCR of dogs surveyed using blood or other tissue samples [ 27 – 29 ]. The detection of positive kDNA PCR in 22.7% of the dogs in the current study from central Israel is therefore compatible with the infection rates found in other Middle Eastern countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum infection in dogs and cats in central Israel

Baneth

2022

Parasites Vectors

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Background Three species of Leishmania cause disease in humans in Israel and are endemic in the Middle East: Leishmania infantum, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major. These species infect dogs and cats, but little is known about their prevalence in pet populations and their clinical manifestations. A study on dog and cat Leishmania infection was conducted in a focus of human L. tropica infection in central Israel with the aim of getting insight on leishmaniosis in pets in an area where human infection is highly prevalent. Methods Blood, demographic and clinical data were collected from dogs and cats brought for veterinary care in a focus of human L. tropica infection during 2018–2020. kDNA PCR and internal transcribed spacer1 high-resolution melt analysis PCR (ITS1 HRM PCR) with DNA sequencing were performed for the detection of Leishmania and species determination. Results Forty-three of 189 dogs (22.8%) and 44 of 152 cats (28.9%) were positive for Leishmania spp. infection by kDNA PCR. The ITS1 HRM PCR detected six dogs (3.3%) infected with L. infantum and one (0.5%) with L. tropica, whereas six cats (3.9%) were found infected by L. infantum and five (3.3%) by L. tropica. Four of the five L. tropica-positive cats suffered from weight loss, four had azotemia, two with mild and two with severe azotemia and progressive renal disease. Three cats had gingivostomatitis; three had skin lesions with abscess and ulcers in two and scales and hair loss in another cat, which was also FIV +. This is the first report of feline L. tropica infection in Israel. Clinical information on cats with this infection from previous studies elsewhere is scarce. Conclusions A high rate of Leishmania spp. infection, mostly estimated as sub-clinical, was found in dogs and cats admitted for veterinary care in an L. tropica focus. Among the animals in which infection could be characterized to the species level, more dogs were infected with L. infantum than with L. tropica while 5 of 11 cats were infected with L. tropica and had signs of systemic and skin disease not described before in feline L. tropica infection. Graphical Abstract

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“…For VL due to L. ( L. ) infantum and L. ( L. ) donovani , this test can be easily performed using serum or urine samples of patients [ 163 ]. This method showed high sensitivity (74.6–96.6%) and specificity (77.8–100%) in patients from Brazil, Spain, Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Nepal [ 50 , 71 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 91 ]. This test is also useful as marker of asymptomatic infection and in HIV co-infected individuals, showing sensitivity and specificity values of 81–91.3% and 83.3–90%, respectively [ 86 , 164 , 174 , 175 ].…”

Section: Immunological Methods For Diagnosis Of Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods

et al. 2020

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Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with two main clinical forms: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is still a challenge, concerning the detection and correct identification of the species of the parasite, mainly in endemic areas where the absence of appropriate resources is still a problem. Most accessible methods for diagnosis, particularly in these areas, do not include the identification of each one of more than 20 species responsible for the disease. Here, we summarize the main methods used for the detection and identification of leishmaniasis that can be performed by demonstration of the parasite in biological samples from the patient through microscopic examination, by in vitro culture or animal inoculation; by molecular methods through the detection of parasite DNA; or by immunological methods through the detection of parasite antigens that may be present in urine or through the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite. Potential new methods that can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis are also discussed.

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Emergence of a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in Golestan Province, north-eastern of Iran

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Geo‐climatic factors in a newly emerging focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of north‐eastern Iran

Geo‐climatic factors in a newly emerging focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of north‐eastern Iran

Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum infection in dogs and cats in central Israel

Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods

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