Emergence of a Novel Recombinant Norovirus GII.P16-GII.12 Strain Causing Gastroenteritis, Alberta, Canada

Wong, Anita; Pang, Xiaoli-Li

doi:10.3201/eid2508.190059

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Notably, the emergence of a novel GII.P16 ORF1 allele has been linked to multiple new recombinant strains circulating worldwide (e.g. GII.4[P16], GII.2[P16]; GII.12[P16]) 5,9‐13 . Although theoretically over 1200 different capsid‐polymerase type combinations are possible, large genome studies showed that only a fraction of those combinations seem to be viable and persist in nature 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995–2019: A comprehensive review of sequences from public databases

Kendra¹,

Tohma²,

Parra³

2022

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Human noroviruses are the leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Attempts at developing effective vaccines and treatments against norovirus disease have been stymied by the extreme genetic diversity and rapid geographic distribution of these viruses. The emergence and replacement of predominantly circulating norovirus genotypes has primarily been attributed to mutations on the VP1 capsid protein leading to genetic drift, and more recently to recombination events between the ORF1/ORF2 junction. However, large-scale research into the historical and geographic distribution of recombinant norovirus strains has been limited in the literature. We performed a comprehensive historical analysis on 30,810 human norovirus sequences submitted to public databases between the years 1995 and 2019. During this time, 37 capsid genotypes and 56 polymerase types were detected across 90 different countries, and 97 unique recombinant genomes were also identified. GII.4, both capsid and polymerase, was the predominately circulating type worldwide for the majority of this time span, save for a brief swell of GII.17 and GII.2 capsid genotypes and a near-total eclipse by GII.P16, GII.P21 and GII.P31 beginning in 2013. Interestingly, an analysis of 4067 recombinants found that 50.2% (N = 2039) of all recorded sequences belonged to three recently emerged recombinant strains: GII.2[P16], GII.4[P31], and GII.4[P16]. This analysis should provide an important historical foundation for future studies that evaluate the emergence and distribution of noroviruses, as well as the design of cross-protective vaccines. | INTRODUCTIONAcute gastroenteritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in infants and young children from developing countries. Following the successful implementation of rotavirus vaccines, noroviruses have become the most important cause of viral gastroenteritis in the US and other developed countries. 1 Norovirus disease is spread by contact with contaminated food or infected individuals, with intense symptoms of nausea, diarrhoea and abdominal pain that arise 12-48 h after initial infection. It is estimated that noroviruses annually cause up to 200,000 deaths and approximately $60 billion in financial burdens associated with health care and productivity loss worldwide. 2,3

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995–2019: A comprehensive review of sequences from public databases

Kendra¹,

Tohma²,

Parra³

2022

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…A novel recombinant norovirus GII.12[P16] genotype, which was never reported from Bangladesh, was detected in both populations. This novel strain was associated with epidemic and endemic gastroenteritis in hospital settings in Alberta, Canada, during the 2018–2019 season [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Etiology of Acute Gastroenteritis Among Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals and Adjacent Host Population in Bangladesh

Hossian

Islam

Miah

et al. 2021

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background Since August 2017 Myanmar nationals from Rakhine state have crossed the border into Bangladesh and settled in Cox’s Bazar, the World's largest refugee camp. Due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and hygienic practices they have been under significant health risks including diarrheal diseases. Objective To determine the viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMN) and adjacent Bangladeshi local host population (AHP). Methods From April 2018 to April 2019, we collected stool specimens from 764 FDMN and 1159 AHP of all ages. We tested 100 randomly selected specimens from each group for the most common acute gastroenteritis viruses. Results Among 200 diarrhea patients, 55% and 64% of FDMN and AHP patients respectively had viral infections; the most common viruses were rotavirus (29% vs 44%), adenovirus (24% vs 31%) and norovirus (14% vs 10%). In both populations, viral infections were significantly higher in children less than five years; compared to bacterial infections which were higher in patients older than five years of age (p=<0.05). Conclusion Disparities in viral and bacterial prevalence among various age groups warrant careful antibiotic usage, especially in children less than five years.

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“…The recombinant GII.12[P16] was first identified in the United States in 2017 ( Barclay et al., 2019 ). The endemic circulation of this recombinant variant was reported in the United States and Canada 2017-2018 ( Pabbaraju et al., 2019 ). The whole-genome sequence analysis showed the GII.12[P16] identified in Guangdong 2021 was clustered with the previous strains identified in the United States and Canada, sharing 96.99% sequence similarity to the closely related strain (MK762627, Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the first identification of the recombinant GII.12[P16] in mainland China following the large outbreaks caused by the recombinant GII.17[P17] and GII.2[P16] in 2014 and 2016 ( Lu et al., 2015 , n.d.), respectively. This variant was suggested to be endemically circulating in the United States in 2017 and Canada in 2018, but has not been identified in other regions ( Barclay et al., 2019 ; Pabbaraju et al., 2019 ). Our results highlighted the epidemic risk of this emerging variants, and the divergence between the Guangdong strains and the relative strains identified in the U.S. and Canada indicating the hidden circulation of this variant in the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untangling an AGS Outbreak Caused by the Recombinant GII.12[P16] Norovirus With Nanopore Sequencing

Xiong

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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For a rapidly spreading virus such as NoV (norovirus), pathogen identification, genotype classification, and transmission tracing are urgent for epidemic control. Here, we applied the Nanopore metatranscriptomic sequencing to determine the causative pathogen of a community AGS (Acute gastroenteritis) outbreak. The results were also confirmed by RT-PCR. The NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) library was constructed within 8 hours and sequence analyses were carried out in real-time. NoV positive reads were detected in 13 of 17 collected samples, including two water samples from sewage treatment tank and cistern. A nearly complete viral genome and other genome fragments could be generated from metatranscriptomic sequencing of 13 samples. The NoV sequences from water samples and cases are identical suggesting the potential source of the outbreak. The sequencing results also indicated the outbreak was likely caused by an emerging recombinant GII.12[P16] virus, which was only identified in the United States and Canada in 2017–2018. This is the first report of this emerging variant in mainland China, following the large outbreaks caused by the recombinant GII.17[P17] and GII.2[P16] in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Closely monitoring of the prevalence of this recombinant strain is required. Our data also highlighted the importance of real-time sequencing in emerging pathogens’ surveillance.

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Emergence of a Novel Recombinant Norovirus GII.P16-GII.12 Strain Causing Gastroenteritis, Alberta, Canada

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995–2019: A comprehensive review of sequences from public databases

Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995–2019: A comprehensive review of sequences from public databases

Viral Etiology of Acute Gastroenteritis Among Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals and Adjacent Host Population in Bangladesh

Untangling an AGS Outbreak Caused by the Recombinant GII.12[P16] Norovirus With Nanopore Sequencing

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