Emergence of a Novel Shigella flexneri Serotype 4s Strain That Evolved from a Serotype X Variant in China

Qiu, Shaofu; Wang, Zhongqiang; Chen, Chen; Liu, Nan; Jia, Leili; Liu, Wenjing; Wang, Ligui; Hao, Rongzhang; Zhang, Ling; Wang, Yong; Song, Hongbin

doi:10.1128/jcm.01946-10

Cited by 24 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…According to a multicenter shigellosis surveillance study that incorporated data from six Asian sites, including China, shigellosis incidence is approximately 100-fold higher in Asia than in industrialized countries [5]. Other reports in China have indicated that shigellosis is even more ubiquitous than previously thought [18,19]. These studies have generally selected underdeveloped areas as surveillance sites, with little current information available on the epidemiologic trends in large cities like Beijing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing trends and serotype distribution of Shigella species in Beijing from 1994 to 2010

et al. 2013

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Shigella species are a common cause of acute diarrheal disease in China. In this study, we characterized the changing trends and serotype distribution of Shigella species in Beijing from 1994 to 2010. A total of 5999 Shigella strains were isolated and serotyped from the 302nd Hospital in Beijing. The annual number of Shigella isolates reached a peak (n = 1192; 19.84%) in 1996 and then decreased annually, reaching the lowest point (n = 24; 0.41%) in 2010. S. flexneri 2a and S. sonnei were the most frequently isolated Shigella, with their respective isolates making up 53.3% and 27.6% of the total. Isolates of S. flexneri 4c, 4a, and x made up 3% respectively of the total isolates. Significant decreases in percentage of S. flexneri over time were observed. S. sonnei surpassed S. flexneri 2a as the predominant serotype in 2000. Most isolates were recovered from July to September; 13.6% of the isolates were recovered from children aged 0 to 5 years, and 16% were recovered from those aged 21 to 25 years. S. flexneri 2a and 5 were recovered mostly from males (33.41%, p < 0.001; and 0.46%, p < 0.001%; respectively), whereas S. flexneri 2b and 6, and S. sonnei were most often isolated from females. Continuous monitoring of Shigella showed that all 4 species and 27 serotypes were present in Beijing, China, during the study period. The emergence of S. sonnei and the overall decreasing isolation rate of Shigella in Beijing can potentially aid in the development of vaccine and control strategies for shigellosis in the city.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing trends and serotype distribution of Shigella species in Beijing from 1994 to 2010

et al. 2013

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“…Although there had been a dramatic drop in overall infectious disease outbreaks between 1975 and 1995, it has since then reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend 5. It is reported that bacillary dysentery, one of the top four infectious diseases from 2005 to 2010, presents nearly 500 000 cases each year in China 6. In addition to high incidence rates, bacillary dysentery treatment is severely threatened by the episodic emergence of new antibiotic resistance strands 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between meteorological factors and bacillary dysentery incidence in Chaoyang city, China: an ecological study

Zhao

Zhu

2016

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo quantify the relationship between meteorological factors and bacillary dysentery incidence.DesignEcological study.SettingWe collected bacillary dysentery incidences and meteorological data of Chaoyang city from the year 1981 to 2010. The climate in this city was a typical northern temperate continental monsoon. All meteorological factors in this study were divided into 4 latent factors: temperature, humidity, sunshine and airflow. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence of bacillary dysentery.MaterialIncidences of bacillary dysentery were obtained from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chaoyang city, and meteorological data were collected from the Bureau of Meteorology in Chaoyang city.Primary outcome measuresThe indexes including χ2, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), standardised root mean square residual (SRMR) and goodness-of-fit index (GFI) were used to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the theoretical model to the data. The factor loads were used to explore quantitative relationship between bacillary dysentery incidences and meteorological factors.ResultsThe goodness-of-fit results of the model showing that RMSEA=0.08, GFI=0.84, CFI=0.88, SRMR=0.06 and the χ2 value is 231.95 (p=0.0) with 15 degrees of freedom. Temperature and humidity factors had positive correlations with incidence of bacillary dysentery, with the factor load of 0.59 and 0.78, respectively. Sunshine had a negative correlation with bacillary dysentery incidence, with a factor load of −0.15.ConclusionsHumidity and temperature should be given greater consideration in bacillary dysentery prevention measures for northern temperate continental monsoon climates, such as that of Chaoyang.

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“…One serotype in particular, S. dysenteriae serotype 1, which produces Shiga toxin, is responsible for the most severe infections, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (15), and it is the cause of epidemic dysentery. Additionally, serotypes can drift during outbreaks, further limiting the efficacy of vaccines that are restricted to particular serotypes (37,56). The emergence of strains resistant to antimicrobial drugs, including ciprofloxacin, currently the first-line antibiotic treatment against Shigella infections (20,46,55), heightens the difficulty of controlling this pathogen and makes the development of an effective vaccine even more urgent.…”

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Broadly Protective Shigella Vaccine Based on Type III Secretion Apparatus Proteins

et al. 2012

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Shigella spp. are food-and waterborne pathogens that cause severe diarrheal and dysenteric disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Individuals most often affected are children under 5 years of age in the developing world. The existence of multiple Shigella serotypes and the heterogenic distribution of pathogenic strains, as well as emerging antibiotic resistance, require the development of a broadly protective vaccine. All Shigella spp. utilize a type III secretion system (TTSS) to initiate infection. The type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) is the molecular needle and syringe that form the energized conduit between the bacterial cytoplasm and the host cell to transport effector proteins that manipulate cellular processes to benefit the pathogen. IpaB and IpaD form a tip complex atop the TTSA needle and are required for pathogenesis. Because they are common to all virulent Shigella spp., they are ideal candidate antigens for a subunit-based, broad-spectrum vaccine. We examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of IpaB and IpaD, alone or combined, coadministered with a double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) from Escherichia coli, used as a mucosal adjuvant, in a mouse model of intranasal immunization and pulmonary challenge. Robust systemic and mucosal antibody-and T cell-mediated immunities were induced against both proteins, particularly IpaB. Mice immunized in the presence of dmLT with IpaB alone or IpaB combined with IpaD were fully protected against lethal pulmonary infection with Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. We provide the first demonstration that the Shigella TTSAs IpaB and IpaD are promising antigens for the development of a cross-protective Shigella vaccine.

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Emergence of a Novel Shigella flexneri Serotype 4s Strain That Evolved from a Serotype X Variant in China

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Changing trends and serotype distribution of Shigella species in Beijing from 1994 to 2010

Changing trends and serotype distribution of Shigella species in Beijing from 1994 to 2010

Association between meteorological factors and bacillary dysentery incidence in Chaoyang city, China: an ecological study

Broadly Protective Shigella Vaccine Based on Type III Secretion Apparatus Proteins

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