Emergence of Arctic-like Rabies Lineage in India

Nadin-Davis, Susan A.; Turner, G. S.; Paul, Joel; Madhusudana, Shampur Narayan; Wandeler, Alexander I.

doi:10.3201/eid1301.060702

Cited by 58 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Under Indian scenario, it is clear that the spatial spread of rabies viruses is limited by geographical boundaries or topographical barriers and not by political boundaries. Similar findings on grouping of viruses based on geography was previously reported for isolates from Indian sub-continent [20][21][22]28] and also other part of the world [11,13,19]. This finding indicates that rough idea for place of origin of rabies virus can be made using G gene based sequence analysis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

et al. 2015

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Development of a cost effective quality vaccine is a key issue in rabies control programme in developing countries. With this perspective, in the present study, challenge virus standard (CVS)-11 strain of rabies virus was adapted to grow in BHK-21 cells, characterized, compared with other viruses including global vaccine strains and field isolates from Indian subcontinent and China at molecular level. This cell adapted virus was evaluated for the production of cost effective veterinary vaccine. The maximum virus titre achieved was 10 7 fluorescent focus unit (FFU)/mL at 10th passage level. There was no nucleotide difference in the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes after adaptation in cell line. Phylogenetic analysis showed that adapted virus was grouped with global vaccine strains, closest being with other CVS strains but distinct from the Indian field isolates. Global vaccine strains including cell adapted CVS-11 virus have 83-87 % identity at nucleotide level of G gene with Indian field viruses. Growth kinetics of cell culture adapted virus showed that the optimum virus titer (around 10 7 FFU/mL) could be obtained at around 48 h post infection by cocultivation method using 0.1 multiplicity of infection inoculums at 37°C. These findings can be used for up scaling of vaccine production. The protective efficacy of test vaccine produced using 10 6.95 FFU/mL cell culture harvest showed 1.17 IU/mL relative potency by NIH test. Further, adapted virus was found to be suitable for use in rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

et al. 2015

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“…This tendency was also consistent for other groups outside the CosC, such as group IX (35,36). Dog rabies epizootics in the Americas seem to be characterized by the circulation of multiple geographic or temporal lineages that have either become extinct or merged over time (2,3,8,10,21,22,(32)(33)(34).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…A higher mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity found in dog breeds from eastern Asia correlates with a higher genetic diversity of dog-related RV lineages in the same region (8,10,35,36,39). The latter observations raise questions about the possible coevolution of wild canines and RVs, the role of dog domestication in the dissemination of rabies, and the emergence of rabies enzootics in other wild terrestrial carnivores elsewhere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Enzootic Rabies Elimination from Dogs and Reemergence in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores, United States

Velasco-Villa¹,

Reeder²,

Orciari³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

135

146

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To provide molecular and virologic evidence that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the United States and to identify putative relatives of dog-related rabies viruses (RVs) circulating in other carnivores, we studied RVs associated with recent and historic dog rabies enzootics worldwide. Molecular, phylogenetic, and epizootiologic evidence shows that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the United States. Nonetheless, our data suggest that independent rabies enzootics are now established in wild terrestrial carnivores (skunks in California and northcentral United States, gray foxes in Texas and Arizona, and mongooses in Puerto Rico), as a consequence of different spillover events from long-term rabies enzootics associated with dogs. These preliminary results highlight the key role of dog RVs and human-dog demographics as operative factors for host shifts and disease reemergence into other important carnivore populations and highlight the need for the elimination of dog-related RVs worldwide.

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“…Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Bhutanese RABV isolates were more closely related to the RABV strains from India and Arctic-like-1 viruses circulating in South Asia (Nadin-Davis et al, 2007;Kuzmin et al, 2008), and could be grouped together as a large cluster of the South Asian Arctic-like-1 viruses (Group I in Figure 2). Geographically, Bhutan lies in the same Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent where the emergence and extensive circulation of the Arctic-like-1 rabies viruses has been confirmed in India (Nadin-Davis et al, 2007).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geographically, Bhutan lies in the same Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent where the emergence and extensive circulation of the Arctic-like-1 rabies viruses has been confirmed in India (Nadin-Davis et al, 2007). However, it should be noted that the Indian rabies sequences used for comparison in this study originated mostly from the southern part of India and exIndia (a foreigner who died of confirmed rabies after being bitten by a dog in southern India).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies virus strains circulating in Bhutan: implications for control

et al. 2010

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SummaryWe report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus strains circulating in animal populations in Bhutan, and investigate potential origins of these viruses. Twenty-three rabies virus isolates originating from dogs and other domestic animals were characterized by sequencing the partial nucleoprotein (N) gene (395 bp). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted and the Bhutanese isolates were compared with rabies viruses originating from other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bhutanese isolates were highly similar and were closely related to Indian strains and South Asian Arctic-like-1 viruses. Our study suggests that the rabies viruses spreading in southern parts of Bhutan have originated from a common ancestor, perhaps from the Indian virus strain.

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Emergence of Arctic-like Rabies Lineage in India

Abstract: Progenitors of Arctic-like rabies viruses, which now circulate extensively in India, may have been responsible for the emergence of the Arctic rabies lineage.

Cited by 58 publications

References 22 publications

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

Enzootic Rabies Elimination from Dogs and Reemergence in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores, United States

Rabies virus strains circulating in Bhutan: implications for control

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