Emergence of Carbapenemase Producing Pathogens in Animals

Abstract

Carbapenems are beta (β)-lactam antibiotics active against wide range of bacteria. Carbapenem resistance may be outcome of efflux pump activation, alteration in protein binding proteins, production of carbapenemases which degrade carbapenems. There are number of bacteria producing different types of carbapenemases like NDM (Enterobacteriaceae), IMP (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), IMI (Enterobacter cloacae), KPC (Klebsiella pneumonia), OXA-23, OXA-24/40, OXA-58-type (Acinetobacter baumannii), VIM (Acinetobacter baumannii) etc. Carbapenem resistance is emerging throughout the world due to interspecies transfer of genetic elements carrying genes for carbapenemase production. It is very difficult to control spread of resistant strains because of the continuous threshold of selection present in forms of presence of carbapenems in environment created through wide spread clinical use. To control infection of carbapenem resistant bacteria there are limited options available for treatment. Many a time carbapenem resistant bacteria show pan-resistance and such bacterial infection become life-threatening and cannot be treated with available last resort antibiotics like polymin B, tigecyclin and colistin. Infection of carbapenem resistant bacteria can be controlled using two or more antibiotics or antibiotic+ herbal drug combination or herbal drugs like (carvacrol, cinnamon, holy-basil oil, lemon grass oil) etc. The herbal drugs may be used as first line of treatment against carbapenem resistant bacteria instead of antibiotics. But, how? It is still not very lucid. Besides it, probiotics and homeopathic therapy has also been recommended with no sufficient data to establish their efficacy.

Antimicrobial Activity of Citronella Essential Oil on Antimicro bial Drug Resistant Bacteria from Veterinary Clinical Cases

“…The observation is quite in contradiction to earlier observation on more frequent MDR in bacterial strains in human beings in India [34]. It might be due to fast spread of antimicrobial drug resistance and fast emergence and spread of MDR strains of bacteria both in animal and humans [17,27].…”

“…Besides, Staphylococcus strains were also more commonly resistant to gentamicin (26.1%) than E. coli (p, 0.03) and B. abortus (p, 0.05). Aminoglycoside resistance in most of the GPBs including staphylococci and streptococci is reported more commonly than in GNBs [27][28][29][30]. Due to wide spectrum of activity and its effectiveness to inhibit majority of bacterial strain it is still considered to be the drug of last resort in many life threatening infections [27].…”

Spatial molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant and New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase (blaNDM)-producingEscherichia coliin the piglets of organized farms in India

“…Carbapenem resistance in farm animals appear to have emerged and propagated as a result of clinical carbapenem use in the human medicine and transfer of resistance genes to zoonotic pathogens (Bhardwaj et al . ). Clinically relevant carbapenems are not approved for food animal veterinary practice anywhere in the world (Ghatak et al .…”

Effect of Herbal Antimicrobials on Bacterial Strains of Foods of Vegetable and Animal Origin

“…However, earlier studies have not made similar comparison; higher sensitivity of Axone origin strains than strains of animal origin has been reported [15][16][17][18]. Therefore, it might be attributed to carryover effect on resistant strains of bacteria from animals to their products and then to the food handlers or transfer of drug resistant bacteria from hands of food handlers to animal products [19,20].…”