Emergence of Drug Resistance in Plasmodiun falciparum: Reasons of its Dispersal and Transmission in Different Climatic Regions of the World: a Review

Abstract

In the present time emergence, dispersal and transmission of drug resistant malaria parasite P. falciparum has become a serious health problem in human being throughout the globe. From various surveys it has been proved that intensity of drug resistance and pathogenesis of dreadful parasite is increasing day by day due to arousal of point mutations in dhfr and dhps genes mainly drug binding regions of P. falciparum genome. However, single or their multiple point mutations have altered the allele frequencies in P. falciparum clinical isolates collected from various regions of the world that resulted in emergence of drug resistance and lead to complete failures of anti-malarial drugs. Further it has increased dispersal and transmission of drug resistant P. falciparum throughout Africa and Asia. Genetic reasons of drug failures the intensity of parasite survival and its resistance to various drugs seems to be widely influenced due to climatic and demographic reasons mainly rapid and active breeding of disease transmission vectors, poor health hygienic conditions, use of substandard diagnostic facilities and low grade treatments provided to the patients. In addition, human migration and poor rehabilitation have enhanced the severity and complications of malaria and its seasonal outbreaks. Therefore, for fast control of malaria, high quality diagnostic and treatment facilities are required for better therapeutic results to fight against deadly P. falciparum outbreaks.

Antimalarial Drug Resistance: An Existential Burden for the Developing World

“…It is also responsible for shaping current parasite population structure having multiple mutations [30]. Adapted from [19] Emergence of drug resistance in Plasmodiun falciparum: Reasons of its dispersal and transmission in different climatic regions of the world: A review The world's greatest malaria burden is attributed to Nigeria with approximately 51 million cases and 207,000 deaths reported annually (approximately 30% of the total malaria burden in Africa), while 97% of the total population (approximately 173 million) has been marked to be at risk of infection [31]. In addition, 60% of outpatient visits to hospitals, which has led to approximately 11% maternal mortality and 30% child mortality; especially among children less than 5 years, has been reported as the consequences of continued malaria prevalence [32].…”

“…Antimalarial drug resistance, occasioned by counterfeit or substandard medications as well as other determinants are, indeed, an immediate and urgent threat to the current momentum of global malaria control and elimination efforts. Its emergence and spread does not only lead to an increase in treatment failures and mortality; but also posing itself a dreadful infectious disease and becoming a major impediment to socio-economic development in Africa, Asia and other poor nations of the world [19] by augmenting the costs associated with treatment and control efforts on the level of both the affected individual (resulting from treatment, purchase of bed nets and absenteeism from work) and the government (for vector control, health facilities, education and research) [20,21].…”