Emergence of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Sequence Type 75, South Africa, 2018–2020

Smith, Anthony M.; Weill, François-Xavier; Njamkepo, Elisabeth; Ngomane, Hlengiwe M; Ramalwa, Ntsieni; Sekwadi, Phuti; Thomas, Juno

doi:10.3201/eid2711.211144

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Remarkably, Iraq pre-7PET ST71, strain Vc_NCTC5395_1938 and other recently isolated clinical and environmental ST71, ST75, and ST169 epidemic lineage 3 strains from South Africa, Thailand, and China shared a MRCA and dated to 1929 (95% HPD interval, 1914 to 1937). Based on our study, there were multiple transmission events that occurred prior to outbreaks in South Africa caused by ST75 strains in 2018 to 2020 ( 26 ) and in China caused by ST169 strains in 2001 to 2009 ( 27 ) ( Fig. 2 and 4 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Genomic and Evolutionary Insights into Australian Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains

et al. 2023

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Genomic and Evolutionary Insights into Australian Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains

et al. 2023

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“…The qnrVC4 gene (Quinolone resistance pentapeptide repeat protein QnrVC4) was detected in all three ST579 strains. This gene has also been found in quinolone-susceptible strains of ST75 (SLV of ST579) in South Africa [ 38 ]. This gene, different alleles of which are located in a chromosomal super-integron, is not necessarily related to resistance as indicated here and in several previous studies [ 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic approach toward linkage of Iran 2012–2016 cholera outbreaks with 7th pandemic Vibrio cholerae

Jalalizadeh,

Njamkepo,

Weill

et al. 2024

BMC Microbiol

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Vibrio cholerae, as a natural inhabitant of the marine environment is among the world-leading causes of diarrheal diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic relatedness of Iran 2012–2016 V. cholerae outbreaks with 7th pandemic cholera and to further characterize the non-ST69/non-ST75 sequence types strains by whole-genome sequencing (WGS).Twenty V. cholerae isolates related to 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016 cholera outbreaks were studied by two genotyping methods – Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST)–and by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Seven sequence types (STs) and sixteen pulsotypes were detected. Sequence type 69 was the most abundant ST confirming that most (65%, 13/20) of the studied isolates collected in Iran between 2012 and 2016 belonged to the 7th pandemic clone. All these ST69 isolates (except two) exhibited similar pulsotypes. ST75 was the second most abundant ST. It was identified in 2015 and 2016. ST438, ST178, ST579 and STs of 983 and 984 (as newfound STs) each were only detected in one isolate. All strains collected in 2016 appeared as distinct STs and pulsotypes indicative of probable different originations. All ST69 strains were resistant to nalidixic acid. Moreover, resistance to nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline was only observed in strains of ST69. These properties propose the ST69 as a unique genotype derived from a separate lineage with distinct resistance properties. The circulation of V. cholerae ST69 and its traits in recent years in Iran proposes the 7th pandemic strains as the ongoing causes of cholera outbreaks in this country, although the role of ST75 as the probable upcoming dominant ST should not be ignored.Genomic analysis of non-ST69/non-ST75 strains in this study showed ST579 is the most similar ST type to 7th pandemic sequence types, due to the presence of wild type-El Tor sequences of tcpA and VC-1319, VC-1320, VC-1577, VC-1578 genes (responsible for polymyxin resistance in El Tor biotype), the traits of rstC of RS1 phage in one strain of this ST type and the presence of VPI-1 and VSP-I islands in ST579 and ST178 strains. In silico analysis showed no significant presence of resistance genes/cassettes/plasmids within non-ST69/non-ST75 strains genomes. Overall, these data indicate the higher susceptibility of V. cholerae non-ST69/non-ST75 strains in comparison with more ubiquitous and more circulating ST69 and ST75 strains.In conclusion, the occurrence of small outbreaks and sporadic cholera cases due to V. cholerae ST69 in recent years in Iran shows the 7th pandemic strains as the persistent causes of cholera outbreaks in this country, although the role of ST75 as the second most contributed ST should not be ignored. The occurrence of non-ST69/non-ST75 sequence types with some virulence factors characteristics in border provinces in recent years is noteworthy, and further studies together with surveillance efforts are expected to determine their likely route of transport.

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“…This is in agreement with previous report on clinical V. cholerae O1 isolated from an urban community in Dhaka, which also belonged to ST69 [ 32 ]. Recent studies in Asia and Africa also reported that the majority of the seventh pandemic El Tor (7PET) V. cholerae O1 strains belongs to ST69 [ 33 , 34 ]. It corroborates the observation that the recent epidemic cholera outbreak in Dhaka is predominantly caused by the 7PET lineage, although further study is needed to confirm the clonal relatedness of V. cholerae strains responsible for endemic cholera in Bangladesh.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrio cholerae O1 associated with recent endemic cholera shows temporal changes in serotype, genotype, and drug-resistance patterns in Bangladesh

et al. 2023

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Background Despite the advancement in our understanding of cholera and its etiological agent, Vibrio cholerae, the prevention and treatment of the disease are often hindered due to rapid changes in drug response pattern, serotype, and the major genomic islands namely, the CTX-prophage, and related genetic characteristics. In the present study, V. cholerae (n = 172) associated with endemic cholera in Dhaka during the years 2015–2021 were analyzed for major phenotypic and genetic characteristics, including drug resistance patterns. Results Results revealed that the V. cholerae strains belonged to serogroup O1 biotype El Tor carrying El Tor -specific genes rtxC, tcpA El Tor, and hlyA El Tor, but possessed classical-biotype cholera toxin. Serotypes of V. cholerae strains differed temporally in predominance with Inaba during 2015–2017, and again in 2020–2021, while Ogawa was the predominant serotype in 2018–2019. Also, ctxB1 was predominant in V. cholerae associated with cholera during 2015–2017, while ctxB7 was predominant in 2018, and in the subsequent years, as observed until 2021. V. cholerae strains differed in their antibiotic resistance pattern with a majority (97%) being multi-drug resistant (MDR) and belonging to six sub-groups. Notably, one of these MDR strains was resistant to eleven of the eighteen antibiotics tested, with resistance to fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefepime), and aztreonam. This extreme drug resistant (XDR) strain carried resistance-related genes namely, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), blaOXA-1 and blaPER-3. Conclusion The observed temporal switching of serotypes, as well as the ctxB genotype, and the emergence of MDR/XDR V. cholerae and their association with endemic cholera in Dhaka underscore the need for routine monitoring of the pathogen for proper patient management.

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Emergence of Vibrio cholerae O1 Sequence Type 75, South Africa, 2018–2020

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Genomic and Evolutionary Insights into Australian Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains

Genomic and Evolutionary Insights into Australian Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains

Genetic approach toward linkage of Iran 2012–2016 cholera outbreaks with 7th pandemic Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae O1 associated with recent endemic cholera shows temporal changes in serotype, genotype, and drug-resistance patterns in Bangladesh

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