Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

Grünwald, Niklaus J.; Garbelotto, Matteo; Goss, Erica M.; Heungens, Kurt; Prospero, Simone

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.006

Cited by 271 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Phytophthora contains over 100 species, all plant pathogens (48). Many are relatively recent discoveries, such as the Sudden Oak Death agent Phytophthora ramorum that has severely damaged woodlands in North America and Europe (29). No Phytophthora species is known to persist as a saprophyte, in contrast to its sister genus Pythium, in which most members are saprophytic and opportunistic phytopathogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamics and Innovations within Oomycete Genomes: Insights into Biology, Pathology, and Evolution

Judelson

2012

Eukaryot Cell

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The eukaryotic microbes known as oomycetes are common inhabitants of terrestrial and aquatic environments and include saprophytes and pathogens. Lifestyles of the pathogens extend from biotrophy to necrotrophy, obligate to facultative pathogenesis, and narrow to broad host ranges on plants or animals. Sequencing of several pathogens has revealed striking variation in genome size and content, a plastic set of genes related to pathogenesis, and adaptations associated with obligate biotrophy. Features of genome evolution include repeat-driven expansions, deletions, gene fusions, and horizontal gene transfer in a landscape organized into gene-dense and gene-sparse sectors and influenced by transposable elements. Gene expression profiles are also highly dynamic throughout oomycete life cycles, with transcriptional polymorphisms as well as differences in protein sequence contributing to variation. The genome projects have set the foundation for functional studies and should spur the sequencing of additional species, including more diverse pathogens and nonpathogens.

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confidence: 99%

Dynamics and Innovations within Oomycete Genomes: Insights into Biology, Pathology, and Evolution

Judelson

2012

Eukaryot Cell

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“…In European populations of P. ramorum, only isolates with A1 mating type occur and there is no evidence for sexual reproduction, but in populations from North America, where the strains of two mating types coexist, sexual reproduction is possible in the life cycle of this pathogen. It is interesting that until the year 2012 no natural recombinants of P. ramorum have been observed (Grünwald et al 2012). In contrast, among P. capsici populations from the USA and South Africa the occurrence of sexual reproduction and high levels of genetic diversity have been described (Dunn et al 2010;Gobena et al 2012;Meitz et al 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of PCR markers for Phytophthora infestans mating type determination

et al. 2018

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Late blight is a devastating potato disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. This organism can reproduce asexually and sexually between the strains of two mating types named A1 and A2. Mating type is an important strain characteristic affecting the pathogen's population structure. We validate different PCR markers for P. infestans mating type determination by comparison of the results obtained with the markers (W16, S1, PHYB) with the pairing test results for 26 isolates collected worldwide and for a group of 146 Polish isolates. This study identifies an interesting feature of the isolates of genotype US-1. For all these A1 mating type isolates, the product specific for A2 isolates is amplified using the marker W16. Analysis of sequences of W16 PCR products indicates high similarity of the US-1 isolates with modern A2 mating type isolates. When US-1 isolates are excluded from analysis, 95 and 96% of isolates are correctly assigned by markers W16 and S1, respectively, when compared with the pairing test results. Marker PHYB produces 14% of discrepant results with the pairing test. Our results show that molecular markers can be useful tools for P. infestans mating type determination, but their application should be preceded by validation in each local population since their efficiency may vary depending on a pathogen's genotype.

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“…Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete that can infect more than 100 plant species and is new to Europe and western North America (Rizzo et al 2005). The geographic origins of the pathogen remain unknown (Grunwald et al 2012). As of 2013, the pathogen was established in North America in southwest Oregon (Curry Co.) and northwestern California (13 counties) and recovered from streams in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating climate change into pest risk models for forest pathogens: a role for cold stress in an era of global warming?

Venette¹

2013

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Citation: Venette RC (2013) Incorporating climate change into pest risk models for forest pathogens: a role for cold stress in an era of global warming? In: Kriticos DJ, Venette RC (Eds) Advancing risk assessment models to address climate change, economics and uncertainty. NeoBiota 18: 131-150. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.18.4047 AbstractClimate change may alter the distribution and activity of native and alien pathogens that infect trees and, in severe cases, cause tree death. In this study, potential future changes in climate suitability are investigated for three forest pathogens that occur in western North America: the native Arceuthobium tsugense subsp tsugense, hemlock dwarf mistletoe, and two alien invasive species, Dothistroma septosporum, the cause of red band needle blight or Dothistroma needle blight, and Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death or ramorum blight. Specifically, the software CLIMEX is used to calculate Cold-Stress, Heat-Stress, and Dry-Stress indices for each pathogen in 98,224 grid cells in North America. Downscaled climate projections from the general circulation models CGCM1, CSIROMk2, and HadCM3 drive forecasts for 2020, 2050 and 2080. These climate projections are then analyzed to forecast shifts in the geographic extent of abiotic stresses that are severe enough to directly kill pathogen propagules and prevent year-round establishment of these pathogens. Cold stress currently has a major impact on climate suitability for all three pathogens; heat stress is likely to become more significant in the future. I forecast that the geographic extent of cold stress will decline from its current levels by a constant 5% (± 1%) of all grid cells in each 30-yr projection horizon for all three pathogens. Forecasts suggest the extent of heat stress will increase concurrently by 4% (± 1%) in each 30-yr projection horizon. Drought stress shows no consistent trend over time. No disproportionate effect of climate change on the two alien invasive pathogens over the native is forecasted. These results suggest that forecasts of future climate suitability for pathogens based on historical climate normals are accurate for less than 30 yrs. Adaptive management strategies in forestry will be needed to respond as these changes unfold.

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Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

Cited by 271 publications

References 71 publications

Dynamics and Innovations within Oomycete Genomes: Insights into Biology, Pathology, and Evolution

Dynamics and Innovations within Oomycete Genomes: Insights into Biology, Pathology, and Evolution

Evaluation of PCR markers for Phytophthora infestans mating type determination

Incorporating climate change into pest risk models for forest pathogens: a role for cold stress in an era of global warming?

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