Emergency Mental Health Services for Children After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

Bruckner, Tim A.; Kim, Yonsu; Lubens, Pauline; Singh, Amrita; Snowden, Lonnie R.; Chakravarthy, Bharath

doi:10.1007/s10488-014-0619-4

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Although researchers may find it difficult to gain access to children soon after a terror event, certain evidence suggests that children do experience immediate effects on their mental health. Recently, Bruckner et al (2016) analyzed emergency mental health services for Californian children on Medicaid from June 1999 to June 2003. They found a statistically significant spike in emergency mental health services for children in the month after 9/11 (Bruckner et al, 2016).…”

Section: Children’s Reactions To Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rural children’s responses to the Flight 93 crash on September 11, 2001.

Kerr

Fried

Price

et al. 2017

Journal of Rural Mental Health

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Few researchers have the opportunity to study children’s experiences in the days immediately following a disaster, especially in the case of terrorism. No investigations to date recount the experience of rural children on September 11, 2001. This paper describes recently discovered letters that 76 sixth graders in 2 nearby schools wrote days after terrorists crashed United Flight 93 into a field in rural Western Pennsylvania. Thematic coding revealed key themes in each set of letters. The letters from the school closest to the crash revealed children’s recollections of the day, coping strategies, and community pride. Letters from the school further from the crash reflected children’s gratitude and empathy for the recovery workers at the crash site, with fewer recollections of the day. Findings shed new light on the neglected issue of rural children’s reactions to terrorism and suggest new methods to document their unique perspectives, interactions, and roles in the days immediately following a disaster. This paper highlights the need for research on children’s letter writing in postdisaster situations.

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Section: Children’s Reactions To Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Bruckner et al (2016) analyzed emergency mental health services for Californian children on Medicaid from June 1999 to June 2003. They found a statistically significant spike in emergency mental health services for children in the month after 9/11 (Bruckner et al, 2016).…”

Section: Children’s Reactions To Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural children’s responses to the Flight 93 crash on September 11, 2001.

Kerr

Fried

Price

et al. 2017

Journal of Rural Mental Health

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“…Studying children—nonparticipants in the labor force who are affected by job loss and economic stress affecting their caretakers—Bruckner, Kim, and Snowden (2014) demonstrated that a contracting economy precipitated more African American children’s than White children’s use of psychiatric emergency services. Notably, a noneconomic shock, the very distressing September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, was associated with lesser use of psychiatric emergency services among African American children than White children (Bruckner et al, 2014). Conceivably, African Americans’ lesser response to this noneconomic crisis arose from their deeper and longer lasting poverty and its concomitant restriction of their focus to economic vulnerabilities and to coping with personal economic challenges (Mullainathan & Shafir, 2013).…”

Section: Enlarging or Shrinking The Safety Net In Response To Economi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Poverty, safety net programs, and African Americans’ mental health.

Snowden¹

2014

American Psychologist

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African Americans' poverty and deep-poverty rates are higher than those of Whites, and African Americans' poverty spells last longer. Furthermore, nonpoor African Americans are especially likely to slip into poverty, and over the course of a lifetime, very many African Americans will experience poverty. Accordingly, African Americans are disproportionately likely to be assisted by safety net programs providing income support and health and social assistance. When mental health-related outcomes are assessed, U.S.-focused and international studies of safety net programs sometimes find that adults and children show a decline in symptoms of mental illness after participating. All things being equal, these improvements can disproportionately benefit African Americans' mental health. Safety net programs' mental health-related impact should be routinely assessed when evaluating the programs' economic and social outcomes and the impact they have on African Americans' mental health. Policy research of this kind can help us to understand whether these very large interventions show society-wide mental health-related improvement in the disproportionately large number of African Americans who participate in them.

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“…The studies that have focused on children have largely examined the immediate effects of 9/11, the Great Recession, or Hurricane Sandy. For example, studies have found increased risk of mental disorders and increased prevalence of psychological symptoms, including anxiety and posttraumatic stress response, among children after 9/11 (Barnes, Treiber, & Ludwig, ; Bruckner et al., ; Calderoni, Alderman, Silver, & Bauman, ; Fairbrother, Stuber, Galea, Fleischman, & Pfefferbaum, ; Hoven et al., ). Studies on the Great Recession and Hurricane Sandy have also suggested associations between these events and increased short‐term mental health difficulties among children and adolescents, but such studies have not been population‐based (Fink & Galea, ; Kalil, ; Kopala‐Sibley et al., ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective Trauma and Mental Health Hospitalization Rates Among Children in New York State, 1999–2013: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

Liu

Lim

2020

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Mental health hospitalization rates among U.S. children have been increasing locally and nationally in recent decades. Children in New York State (NYS) have also witnessed several collective traumatic events during the last two decades including the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11), the Great Recession, and Hurricane Sandy (2012) and its aftermath. Decomposition of these rates into age, period, and cohort effects may help elucidate how large-scale collective traumatic events may be driving time trends. This study examined ageperiod-cohort effects in children and youth mental health hospitalizations in NYS from 1999-2013. Age effects followed a linear trend from age 5 years, B = −2.76, 95% CI [−3.48, −2.03)] up to age 15 years, B = 1.62, 95% CI [1.52, 1.73]. The largest period effects were noted in 2004, B = 0.36, 95% CI [0.28, 0.45], and in 2013, B = 0.31, 95% CI [0.15, 0.47], approximately 3 years after 9/11 and the Great Recession, respectively. The largest birth cohort effect was noted for children born in 1992-1995 (range: 0.29 for children born in 1992-0.27 for children born in 1995), suggesting that the birth cohorts who experienced the 9/11 attacks during middle childhood and the Great Recession during puberty are at increased risk of mental health hospitalizations compared to other birth cohorts. Approximately 13%-20% of children in the United States have a diagnosable mental health disorder (Merikangas et al., 2010; Perou et al., 2013). Psychiatric care accounts for 10% of all pediatric hospital admissions at general medical facilities and over $3 billion (USD) in hospital charges in the United States (Bardach et al., 2014). In New York City (NYC), psychiatric hospitalizations among adolescents have increased from 542 per 100,000 in 2000 to over 600 per 100,000 in 2013 (Mills & Davila, 2016). The reasons for the increase remain largely unknown but cannot be explained in terms of individual-level risk factors alone, suggesting short-and long-term impacts of contextual factors. During the 2000s, children in New York experienced several well-documented, large-scale traumatic events. The September 11 (9/11) attacks, a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks that included the destruction of the World Trade Center towers in NYC, occurred in 2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people that day (Arias, Anderson, Kung, Murphy, & Kochanek, 2003) and left an indelible impact on the American psyche (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). The Great Recession, the deepest and longest economic decline in the postwar

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Emergency Mental Health Services for Children After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Rural children’s responses to the Flight 93 crash on September 11, 2001.

Rural children’s responses to the Flight 93 crash on September 11, 2001.

Poverty, safety net programs, and African Americans’ mental health.

Collective Trauma and Mental Health Hospitalization Rates Among Children in New York State, 1999–2013: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

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