Emerging 4D printing strategies for on-demand local actuation &amp; micro printing of soft materials

Patadiya, Jigar; Naebe, Minoo; Wang, Xungai; Joshi, Ganapati; Kandasubramanian, Balasubramanian

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111778

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 255 publications

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“…This innovation has spawned a plethora of functional devices across various length scales, driving advancements in soft robotics, metamaterials, and biomedical engineering. Prospects revolve around advanced manufacturing techniques like additive manufacturing and 4D printing, offering precise control over particle distribution and alignment within soft matrices [544][545][546][547][548][549]. 4D printing, already applied in shape-morphing structures and metamaterials, promises nano-scale control for tailoring material properties at the molecular level.…”

Section: Summary and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Narayanan,

Pramanik,

Arockiarajan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Hard-magnetic soft materials (hMSMs) are smart composites that consist of a mechanically soft polymer matrix impregnated with mechanically hard magnetic filler particles. This dual-phase composition renders them with exceptional magneto-mechanical properties that allow them to undergo large reversible deformations under the influence of external magnetic fields. Over the last decade, hMSMs have found extensive applications in soft robotics, adaptive structures, and biomedical devices. However, despite their widespread utility, they pose considerable challenges in fabrication and magneto-mechanical characterization owing to their multi-phase nature, miniature length scales, and nonlinear material behavior. Although noteworthy attempts have been made to understand their coupled nature, the rudimentary concepts of inter-phase interactions that give rise to their mechanical nonlinearity remain insufficiently understood, and this impedes their further advancements. This holistic review addresses these standalone concepts and bridges the gaps by providing a thorough examination of their myriad fabrication techniques, applications, and experimental, and modeling approaches. Specifically, the review presents a wide spectrum of fabrication techniques, ranging from traditional molding to cutting-edge four-dimensional (4D) printing, and their unbounded prospects in diverse fields of research. The review covers various modeling approaches, including continuum mechanical frameworks encompassing phenomenological and homogenization models, as well as microstructural models. Additionally, it addresses emerging techniques like machine learning-based modeling in the context of hMSMs. Finally, the expansive landscape of these promising material systems is provided for a better understanding and prospective research.

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Section: Summary and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Narayanan,

Pramanik,

Arockiarajan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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“…Adequate processing routes should be selected to maintain the integrity of the CNT in composites, while ensuring a homogeneous dispersion tailored to the target application. The concept of 4D printing, mentioned vastly in the literature for the past 10 years, has been used to define 3D-printed structures that, when subjected to a certain external stimulus, are capable of morphing [ 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Processing Smp With Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-Memory Polymers Based on Carbon Nanotube Composites

da Silva,

Proença,

Covas

et al. 2024

Micromachines

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For the past two decades, researchers have been exploring the potential benefits of combining shape-memory polymers (SMP) with carbon nanotubes (CNT). By incorporating CNT as reinforcement in SMP, they have aimed to enhance the mechanical properties and improve shape fixity. However, the remarkable intrinsic properties of CNT have also opened up new paths for actuation mechanisms, including electro- and photo-thermal responses. This opens up possibilities for developing soft actuators that could lead to technological advancements in areas such as tissue engineering and soft robotics. SMP/CNT composites offer numerous advantages, including fast actuation, remote control, performance in challenging environments, complex shape deformations, and multifunctionality. This review provides an in-depth overview of the research conducted over the past few years on the production of SMP/CNT composites with both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices, with a focus on the unique contributions of CNT to the nanocomposite’s response to external stimuli.

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“…[387] Furthermore, 3D-printed cellulose also offers an excellent ability to change its shape upon environmental stimuli such as moisture and water. [388][389][390][391] For instance, Gauss et al [392] demonstrated the use of PLA/cellulose-based composites manufactured through the FDM technique to develop hydromorphic structure. The results that the 3D-printed structure exhibited excellent shape-changing behavior upon immersion in water are illustrated in Figure 10C.…”

Section: Humidity-responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

Tariq,

Arif,

Khalid

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Stimuli‐responsive polymers (SRPs) are special types of soft materials, which have been extensively used for developing flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors, self‐expanding structures, and biomedical devices, thanks to their ability to change their shapes and functional properties in response to external stimuli including light, humidity, heat, pH, electric field, solvent, and magnetic field or combinations of two or more of these stimuli. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) aka three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology of these SRPs, also known as four‐dimensional (4D) printing, has gained phenomenal attention in different engineering fields, thanks to its unique ability to develop complex, personalized, and innovative structures, which undergo twisting, elongating, swelling, rolling, shrinking, bending, spiraling, and other complex morphological transformations. Herein, an effort has been made to provide insightful information about the AM techniques, type of SRPs, and their applications including, but not limited to tissue engineering, soft robots, bionics, actuators, sensors, construction, and smart textiles. This article also incorporates the current challenges and prospects, hoping to provide an insightful basis for the utilization of this technology in different engineering fields. It is expected that the amalgamation of 3D printing with SRPs would provide unparalleled advantages in different engineering arenas.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Emerging 4D printing strategies for on-demand local actuation & micro printing of soft materials

Cited by 22 publications

References 255 publications

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Shape-Memory Polymers Based on Carbon Nanotube Composites

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

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